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. 2022 Feb 10;9:48. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01144-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — General overview of time periods considered to calculate the Climate Stability Index (CSI) for past and future map sets and graphical illustration of index generation. (a) Time periods used to estimate the CSI-past and from which paleoclimate data have been taken (from PaleoClim¹⁶ database, which includes two map sets from CHELSA²⁵), represented by a Pliocene to Holocene temperature reconstruction modified from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_temperature_record. Temperature reconstruction showed in a black line derived from Lisiecki and Raymo²⁶. (b) Time periods and four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) considered to estimate CSI-future using climate data from WorldClim¹⁷, modified from Gidden et al.²⁷. (c) Schematic representation of the methodology employed to calculate the CSI for each map set.