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. 2022 Feb 10;13:817. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28512-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schema of injections of AAVrg-Ef1α-mCherry-IRES-Cre in the VTA and AAV9-hSyn-FLEX-GCaMP6s-WPRE-SV40 in the SC or mPFC. Representative coronal images of midbrain slices of adult mice infected with AAVrg-Ef1α-mCherry-IRES-Cre in the VTA (b panel 3, scale bar: 100 µm) and AAV9-hSyn-FLEX-GCaMP6s-WPRE-SV40 in the SC (b panel 1, scale bar: 50 µm) and in the mPFC (b panel 2, scale bar: 50 µm). The location of the optic fiber (OF) is indicated. Similar viral expression and OF location were observed in all the mice that performed the experiment described in Figs. 2c, 4b. c Schema of the social and non-social orientation test. Bottom left panel: Schema representing the points and vectors used for the calculation of the oriented angle towards the stimulus (ω). d, f, h Example traces. ΔF/F signals recorded in SC- or mPFC-VTA-projecting neurons aligned with instantaneous head orientation ω(t) during orientation test. Ipsi-recorded and contra-recorded head/body turn episodes are reported as well as the passive crossing events. e Left panel: Schema of the ipsi-recorded head/body turns towards the social stimulus (S). Middle panel: Peri-event time histogram (PETH) of normalized ΔF/F for SC-VTA-projecting neurons, centered on ipsi-recorded orientation towards social stimulus. Right panel: Mean ΔF/F (Z-score) before, during and after ipsi-recorded orientation. Repeated measures (RM) one-way ANOVA (Events main effect: F_(2,6) = 44.34, P < 0.0001) followed by Bonferroni-Holm post-hoc test correction. g Left panel: Schema of the ipsi-recorded head/body turns towards the social stimulus (S). Middle panel: PETH of normalized ΔF/F for mPFC-VTA-projecting neurons, centered on ipsi-recorded orientation towards social stimulus. Right panel: Mean ΔF/F (Z-score) before, during and after ipsi-recorded orientation. RM one-way ANOVA (Events main effect: F_(2,5) = 2.17, P = 0.1652). i Left panel: Schema of the ipsi-recorded head/body turns towards the moving object (mO). Middle panel: PETH of normalized ΔF/F for SC-VTA-projecting neurons, centered on ipsi-recorded orientation towards moving object. Right panel: Mean ΔF/F (Z-score) before, during and after ipsi-recorded orientation. RM one-way ANOVA (Events main effect: F_(2,4) = 10.34, P = 0.0060) followed by Bonferroni-Holm post-hoc test correction. N indicates the number of mice. All the data are shown as the mean ± s.e.m. as error bars or error bands. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.