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. 2022 Feb 10;13:817. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28512-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Schema of injections sites in SC with AAV5-hSyn-eYFP or AAV5-hSyn-ChR2-eYFP, and optic fiber implantation above the VTA. b Left panel: Schema of free social interaction. The eYFP- and ChR2-expressing mice freely interacted with two different unfamiliar mice under both stimulation conditions. Right panel: schema representing the position of the frontal field. c Stimulation protocols: 8 pulses of 488 nm light (30 Hz) were separated by 5 s in the light ON condition. d Time social interaction during the free social interaction test for eYFP- and ChR2-expressing mice in the SC. RM two-way ANOVA (Light main effect: F_(1,28) = 5.0855, P = 0.0321; Virus main effect: F_(1,28) = 0.8528, P = 0.3637; Light × Virus Interaction: F_(1,28) = 4.1962, P = 0.0500) followed by Bonferroni-Holm post-hoc test correction. e Upper panels: time passed interacting with the social stimulus for the 1st and 2nd minute of the free social interaction test in light and no-light conditions. RM two-way ANOVA (eYFP: Light main effect: F_(1,13) = 0.013, P = 0.9101; Time main effect: F_(1,13) = 34.64, P < 0.0001; Light × Time Interaction: F_(1,13) = 3.487, P = 0.085. ChR2: Light main effect: F_(1,15) = 19.43, P = 0.0005; Time main effect: F_(1,15) = 26.38, P = 0.0001; Light × Time Interaction: F_(1,15) = 1.878, P = 0.1907) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons post-hoc test. Lower panels: time passed with the social stimulus in the frontal field for the 1st and 2nd minute of the free social interaction test in light and no-light conditions. RM two-way ANOVA (eYFP: Light main effect: F_(1,13) = 3.368, P = 0.0894; Time main effect: F_(1,13) = 25.31, P = 0.0002; Light × Time Interaction: F_(1,13) = 0.01355, P = 0.9091. ChR2: Light main effect: F_(1,15) = 5.006, P = 0.042; Time main effect: F_(1,15) = 10.59, P = 0.0058; Light × Time Interaction: F_(1,15) = 2.749, P = 0.1196) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons post-hoc test. Pie charts represent the percentage of mouse that decreases the interaction/orientation between 1st and 2nd minute. f Upper panel: identification and report of the behavioral episodes caused by a burst of optostimulation. Lower panel: quantification of the behavioral episodes caused by a burst of optostimulation. Two-way ANOVA (Behavior main effect: F_{(2.791, 66.99)} = 23.43, P < 0.0001; Group main effect: F_{(1, 24)} = 12.73, P = 0.0016; Behavior × Group Interaction: F_{(4, 46)} = 6.539, P = 0.0001) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons post-hoc test. N indicates the number of mice. # indicates significantly different interaction. All the data are shown as the mean ± s.e.m. as error bars. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.