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. 2022 Feb 11;21:45. doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01515-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — In vitro killing capacity of HELA-Exos. A to F MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with Texs, LA-Exos, HLA-Exos, ELA-Exos, or HELA-Exos for 48 h. A and B Representative images of calcein-AM fluorescence and the quantitative detection of MDA-MB-231 cell viability. Scale bar, 200 μm. The data are presented as the mean ± SD; n = 6. One-way ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis (****: P < 0.0001). C Apoptosis analysis by PI staining and flow cytometry. The data are presented as the mean ± SD; n = 6. One-way ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis (****: P < 0.0001). D and E ATP release and HMGB1 release were evaluated by ELISA. The data are presented as the mean ± SD; n = 6. One-way ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis (****: P < 0.0001). F The surface exposure of CRT on MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated by CLSM. Blue: DAPI; Red: CRT. Scale bar, 200 μm. G and H MCF7, MDA-MB-435S, and SKBR3 cells were treated with Texs or HELA-Exos for 48 h. Representative images of calcein-AM fluorescence and the quantitative detection of cell viability in different cells. Scale bar, 200 μm. The data are presented as the mean ± SD; n = 6. A t test was performed for statistical analysis (****: P < 0.0001). ICD: immunogenic cell death; CRT: calreticulin; CLSM: confocal laser scanning microscopy