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. 2022 Feb 11;21:45. doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01515-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — HELA-Exos induce intratumoral accumulation of cDC1s and CD8 + T cells. Balb/c mice with orthotopic breast cancer were sacrificed at day 30 after treatment initiation. Tumor tissues and draining lymph node immune infiltrates were analyzed by IF, flow cytometry and IHC. A Tumor tissue- and draining lymph node-infiltrating cDC1s were detected by IF. Blue: DAPI; Green: CD11c; Red: CD103. Scale bar, 25 μm. B Gating strategy for the analysis of CD11c⁺ DCs; the expression of CD103, CD11b, H-2K^d/H-2D^d (MHC-I), and I-A^b (MHC-II) on DCs was measured using flow cytometry. C The percentages of tumor-infiltrating CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells were measured using flow cytometry. D to F Tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells were analyzed for the expression of the cytotoxicity markers granzyme B and perforin, the activation marker CD69 and the immunosuppressive marker PD1. The data are presented as the mean ± SD; n = 6. t test and one-way ANOVA were performed for statistical analysis (****: P < 0.0001; **: P < 0.01; ns: P > 0.05). Scale bar, 25 μm. IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry