Fig. 5.

Other potential mechanisms for insulin resistance. Other hypotheses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammation, have been proposed to explain the mechanism responsible for obesity-induced insulin resistance. PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; PKB, protein kinase B; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; LIPIN2, phosphatidic acid phosphatases; DAG, diacylglycerol; HFD, high-fat diet.