TABLE 3.
Association of chronic low back pain and risk factors (n = 554).
| Variable | Univariate |
Multivariate |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | p | aOR | 95%CI | p | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1 | ref | - | 1 | ref | - |
| Female | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | 0.244 | 12.4 | 3.1–49.8 | < 0.001* |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–27 | 1 | ref | - | 1 | ref | - |
| 28–37 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.5 | 0.215 | 7.0 | 0.4–128.4 | 0.191 |
| 38–47 | 0.5 | 0.9–1.5 | 0.241 | 23.4 | 1.2–453.4 | 0.037* |
| 48–57 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.6 | 0.290 | 11.7 | 0.7–204.2 | 0.091 |
| 58+ | 1.0 | 0.4–2.9 | 0.987 | 4.4 | 0.3–70.0 | 0.296 |
| Body mass index | ||||||
| Under weight | 1 | ref | - | 1 | ref | - |
| Normal | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 | 0.158 | 0.4 | 0.1–3.2 | 0.398 |
| Overweight | 2.8 | 1.2–6.5 | 0.018 | 3.4 | 0.5–21.7 | 0.204 |
| Obese | 2.8 | 1.2–6.8 | 0.020 | 8.7 | 1.0–74.1 | 0.048* |
| Level of education | ||||||
| No formal education | 0.8 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.494 | 0.2 | 0.1–1.0 | 0.049 |
| Primary | 0.4 | 0.2–0.6 | 0.000 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.6 | 0.189 |
| Secondary | 0.4 | 0.2–0.7 | 0.001 | 0.5 | 0.1–2.3 | 0.378 |
| Tertiary | 1 | ref | - | 1 | ref | - |
| Annual household income | ||||||
| Poor | 1.2 | 0.5–2.7 | 0.725 | 1.0 | 0.1–8.6 | 0.983 |
| Low emerging middle | 0.5 | 0.2–1.1 | 0.076 | 0.4 | 0.1–2.6 | 0.317 |
| Emerging middle | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 | 0.143 | 0.35 | 0.1–3.4 | 0.396 |
| Realised middle | 0.6 | 0.2–1.6 | 0.272 | 2.5 | 0.2–34.8 | 0.501 |
| Upper middle class | 1 | ref | - | 1 | ref | - |
| Illness behaviour | ||||||
| General hypochondriasis | 4.0 | 3.2–5.0 | 0.000 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.2 | 0.656 |
| Disease conviction | 17.2 | 10.3–28.7 | 0.000 | 19.1 | 6.7–55.0 | < 0.001* |
| Psychosocial vs somatic | 9.6 | 6.5–14.3 | 0.000 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.8 | 0.388 |
| Affective inhibition | 9.7 | 6.5–14.5 | 0.000 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.6 | 0.615 |
| Affective disturbance | 15.0 | 9.1–24.6 | 0.000 | 3.3 | 1.2–8.8 | 0.020* |
| Irritability | 9.5 | 6.4–14.2 | 0.000 | 1.4 | 0.5–3.5 | 0.510 |
| Denial | 1.0 | 6.6–15.0 | 0.000 | 4.2 | 1.6–11.1 | 0.004* |
| Fear avoidance belief | ||||||
| FAB – physical activity | 1.0 | 0.9–1.0 | 0.766 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | 0.248 |
| FAB – work | 1.0 | 0.9–1.0 | 0.524 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.3 | 0.029* |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio.
*
, Statistically significate p < 0.05.