Table 2. Summary of QRS area, QRS duration and morphology in relation to clinical outcomes.
| Study | Design | Patients (n) | Follow-up (years) | Outcome | ECG/VCG
Parameters |
Results |
| *Multivariable model with QRS area, QRS duration and morphology. **Adjusted for QRS duration and morphology, age, sex, ischemic heart disease, first-degree atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation/flutter, LV ejection fraction, NYHA functional class, kidney function, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and medical therapy for heart failure. † Mutlivariable model with QRS area, QRS duration, morphology and other ECG variables, and baseline characteristics including age, sex, iCMP. ‡ Adjusted for QRS duration/morphology, age, sex, atrial fibrillation, iCMP, kidney function, diabetes mellitus. ECG: electrocardiogram; ESC: according to European Society of Cardiology; HF: heart failure; iCMP: ischemic cardiomyopathy; IQR: interquartile range; LBBB: left bundle branch block; ns: non-significant; QRSd: QRS duration; VCG: vectorcardiogram. | ||||||
| Van Stipdonk, et al.[57] (2018) | Retrospective | 1,491 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | A. All-cause mortality
B. HF hospitali- sations |
1. QRS area quartiles
2. LBBB+QRSd |
A-1. *HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.69 – 0.83
2. HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.69 – 1.02 (ns) B-1. HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60 – 0.96 2. HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.71 – 1.21 (ns) |
| Emerek, et al.[59] (2019) | Retrospective | 705 | 3.1 (IQR: 1.8–5.4) | All-cause mortality | QRS area ≤ 95 µVs | **HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.25 – 2.18 |
| Okafor, et al.[60] (2019) |
Retrospective | 380 | 3.8 (IQR: 2.3 – 5.3) | Cardiac mortality | 1. QRS area
2. QRS duration 3. LBBB |
1. †HR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98 – 0.99
2. †HR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99 – 1.02 (ns) 3. HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.79 – 1.27 (ns) |
| Ghossein, et al. [58] (2021) | Retrospective | 1,299 | 3.9 ± 2.4 | All-cause mortality | 1. QRS area ≥109 µVs
2. QRSd ≥150 ms 3. LBBB (ESC) |
1. ‡HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.56 – 0.96
2. ‡HR: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.89 – 1.49 (ns) 3. ‡HR: 0.78; 95%CI 0.61 – 1.00 (ns) |