TABLE 1.

Health effects of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals.

Type of endocrine disrupting chemicals	Endocrine disrupting chemicals	Sources of exposure	Industrial benefits	Potential gynecologic health risks	References
Persistent EDCs	Dioxins	Combustion, waste incineration, volcanic eruptions, forest fires	N/A	Endometriosis, adenomyosis, reproductive cancers	Fouzy et al. (2007), Bruner-Tran and Osteen (2010), Bruner-Tran et al. (2016), Kishi et al. (2017)
	Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)	Electrical transformers, microscope immersion oils, pesticides, carbonless copy paper	Electrical insulating compounds	Endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroids	Rier et al. (2001), Heilier et al. (2004), Trabert et al. (2015)
Non-persistent EDCs	Bisphenol A (BPA)/ Bisphenol S (BPS)	Children’s toys, water bottles, canned food liners, dental sealants, receipt coatings	Plasticizer and epoxy resins	Endometriosis, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome, adenomyosis	Newbold et al. (2007), Cobellis et al. (2009), Kandaraki et al. (2011), Bariani et al. (2020)
	Phthalates	Cosmetics, medical equipment, medications, paints, adhesives, personal care products	Plasticizers, solvents, and stabilizers	Endometriosis, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis	Duty et al. (2005), Huang et al. (2010), Bariani et al. (2020)
	Parabens	Cosmetics, pharmaceutical products	Preservatives	Endometriosis, uterine fibroids	Bariani et al. (2020), Peinado et al. (2021)
	Triclosans (TCSs)	Hand sanitizers, mouth wash, toothpaste	Antimicrobial properties	Polycystic ovarian syndrome	Ye et al. (2018)