Table 5.
Factors associated with continuous upper and lower cost-effectiveness estimates (based on CUA studies N = 102)
| Lower cost-effectiveness estimate | Upper cost-effectiveness estimate | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| Β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | Β | 95% CI | p | |
| Category | ||||||||||||
| Med | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
| BI | 6188.8 | −3927.8 to 16305.5 | 0.228 | −7676.3 | −20302.2 to 4949.7 | 0.230 | ||||||
| Med + BI | 212.7 | −11601.0 to 1206.4 | 0.972 | −12642.5 | −27386.5 to 2101.5 | 0.092 | ||||||
| Comp | 9831.8 | 909.7 to 18753.8 | 0.031* | −1645.7 | −127780.7 to 9489.4 | 0.770 | ||||||
| Med + Comp | 1621.7 | −9896.6 to 13140.0 | 0.780 | 12062.5 | −26437.8 to 2312.9 | 0.099 | ||||||
| Mass media | −2020.8 | −21006.3 to 16946.7 | 0.832 | −16103.9 | −39787.3 to 77579.6 | 0.180 | ||||||
| Control condition | ||||||||||||
| Nothing/UC | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Lower impact | −1924.9 | −9366.7 to 6616.8 | 0.609 | 3878 | −2800.5 to 10556.4 | 0.251 | −183.4 | −9556.6 to 9189.8 | 0.969 | |||
| Matched impact | 8384.8 | −1482.9 to 18252.5 | 0.095 | 13480.1 | 4857.5 to 22102.8 | 0.003* | 5099.5 | −77329.3 to 17528.2 | 0.418 | |||
| Intervention intensity | ||||||||||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Medium | 6100.6 | −149.8 to 13951.1 | 0.126 | 3866.2 | −3430.3 to 11162.7 | 0.294 | 1486.6 | −8346.7 to 11319.8 | 0.765 | −353.5 | −10660.1 to 9953.2 | |
| High | 7140.5 | −360.3 to 14641.3 | 0.062 | 14140.3 | 6302.8 to 21977.8 | 0.001* | 6405.6 | −2989.8 to 15800.9 | 0.179 | 13071.2 | 1686.8 to 24455.6 | 0.946 |
| Unclear | 3397.7 | −8018.6 to 14814.0 | 0.556 | 998.1 | −9118.6 to 11114.8 | 0.845 | −1972.4 | −16272.1 to 12327.4 | 0.785 | −16263 | −32726.4 to 200.4 | 0.025* |
| Setting | .053 | |||||||||||
| Primary care | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
| Secondary care | −1459.3 | −14648.3 to 117729.6 | 0.827 | −6838.2 | −23280.5 to 9604.1 | 0.411 | ||||||
| Community | 5121.1 | −2657.3 to 11729.6 | 0.827 | −231.6 | −9928.8 to 9465.5 | 0.962 | ||||||
| Workplace | −7306.3 | −38420.1 to 23807.4 | 0.642 | −47785.2 | −43573.7 to 34003.3 | 0.807 | ||||||
| Unclear/other | −1647.0 | −11734.4 to 8440.5 | 0.747 | −6662.2 | −19237.9 to 5913.5 | 0.296 | ||||||
| Delivery mode | ||||||||||||
| Physician | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| HP | 7416.0 | −2442.8 to 17274.9 | 0.139 | 12519.8 | 453.1 to 24586.5 | 0.042* | −6717.8 | −23311.1 to 9875.6 | .422 | |||
| Media | 7784.8 | −7579.0 to 23148.7 | 0.137 | 7213.8 | −11590 to 26018.4 | 0.448 | −14227.7 | −48178.7 to 19723.3 | .406 | |||
| Mix | −967.9 | −15581.9 to 13646.0 | 0.896 | 4162.0 | −13724.8 to 22048.8 | 0.645 | −9358.9 | −32811.5 to 14093.7 | .429 | |||
| Unclear/other± | 3003.3 | −7787.9 to 13794.5 | 0.582 | 3012.0 | −10195.9 to 16219.9 | 0.652 | −14518.1 | −33014.3 to 3978.1 | .122 | |||
| Target level | ||||||||||||
| Individual | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Groups | −3031.7 | −12236.9 to 6173.4 | 0.515 | −16628.1 | −24982.3 to −8274 | <0.001* | −4911.9 | −16339.6 to 6515.7 | 0.396 | −21653.4 | −34161.5 to −9145.3 | .001* |
| Population | −8344.7 | −26425.4 to 97746.0 | 0.362 | 15176 | −13703.3 to 44055.2 | 0.298 | −12199.3 | −34577.8 to 10339.2 | 0.287 | 49323.7 | 1980.1 to 96667.4 | .041* |
| Mix | −6701.6 | −18830.2 to 5426.9 | 0.276 | −19666.4 | −31361.8 to −7971 | 0.001* | −6405.4 | −21462.2 to 8651.5 | 0.401 | −20204.7 | −37115 to −3294.3 | .020* |
| Population | ||||||||||||
| Vulnerable | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| General | −97794.3 | −15590.2 to −3998.4 | 0.001* | −10858.3 | −16932.3 to −4784.3 | 0.001* | −11784.0 | −19007.2 to −4560.8 | 0.002* | −24183.7 | −33696.4 to −14671 | <.001* |
| Supporting material | ||||||||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Self-help | −1345.77 | −11049.2 to 8357.7 | 0.784 | −4025.6 | −13579.3 to 5528.1 | 0.404 | 14770.1 | −10920.9 to 13861.1 | 0.814 | 9361.7 | −4894.3 to 23617.7 | .195 |
| Electronic | 8478.1 | −1225.3 to 18181.6 | 0.086 | 14783.3 | 5134.5 to 24432.1 | 0.003* | 6104.4 | −6286.6 to 18495.4 | 0.331 | 14386.2 | 441.4 to 28331 | .043* |
| Mix | 11602.4 | 1488.3 to 21716.4 | 0.025* | 9832.3 | −1127.2 to 20791.7 | 0.078 | 7836.6 | −5078.7 to 207751.1 | 0.231 | −1541.1 | −21343.3 to 18261.1 | 0.877 |
| Pharmacological support | −4047.7 | −10165.7 to 2070.4 | 0.192 | −14847.2 | −31139.4 to 1445 | 0.073 | −221.5 | −77885.0 to 7442.1 | 0.954 | |||
| Social marketing | −4460.0 | −18545.0 to 9624.9 | 0.531 | −22411.5 | −42218.2 to −2604.8 | 0.027* | −7966.6 | −25422.9 to 9489.7 | 0.367 | −31072.9 | −58935.4 to −3210.4 | .029* |
| Incentives | −5782.3 | −36686.9 to 25122.3 | 0.711 | −9260.7 | −47625.9 to 29104.5 | 0.633 | ||||||
| Intervention functions | ||||||||||||
| Training | −3078.1 | −10728.4 to 4572.2 | 0.427 | −15044.3 | −24157.8 to −5930.8 | 0.002* | −9260.7 | −4625.9 to 29104.5 | 0.633 | −6439.9 | −18308.2 to 5428.3 | .283 |
| Education | 6572.1 | −130.2 to 13274.3 | 0.055 | 933.5 | −8596.5 to 10463.5 | 0.846 | ||||||
| Enablement | −2494.0 | −8665.5 to 3677.5 | 0.425 | 235.77 | −5727.0 to 11198.4 | 0.523 | ||||||
| Persuasion | −4394.6 | −11633.5 to 2844.4 | 0.231 | −19384.9 | −30087 to −8682.9 | 0.001* | 1565.9 | −6117.3 to 9249.0 | 0.687 | −25947.6 | −38411.8 to −13483.4 | <.001* |
| Environmental restructuring | −3626.1 | −17621.4 to 10569.3 | 0.621 | 15023.9 | 1272.7 to 28775.1 | 0.033* | −8241.5 | −177148.2 to 655.3 | 0.069 | 16475.1 | −2072.7 to 35022.8 | .081 |
| Incentivization | 13003.4 | −8821.6 to 34828.4 | 0.240 | −7147.9 | −24618.1 to 10322.4 | 0.419 | 21868.6 | −7845.9 to 51583.1 | .147 | |||
| Restriction | −1834.3 | −17527.9 to 13859.3 | 0.817 | 9490.2 | −17739.6 to 36720.0 | 0.491 | −32286.1 | −59066.5 to −5505.8 | .019* | |||
| Modeling | −1370.3 | −32295 to 29554.3 | 0.930 | −18938.3 | −45216.1 to 7339.5 | 0.155 | −5419.1 | −24885.8 to 14047.5 | 0.582 | −27701.8 | −63850.8 to 8447.1 | .131 |
| Coercion | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | −4648.7 | −43245.8 to 33548.4 | 0.803 | NA | NA | |
| BCT groupings | ||||||||||||
| Shaping knowledge | 813.5 | −8039.8 to 9666.8 | 0.856 | 8856.8 | −105.6 to 17819.2 | 0.053 | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Antecedents | −2359.9 | −8446.6 to 3726.9 | 0.444 | 47887.77 | −6167.6 to 157745.0 | 0.388 | ||||||
| Regulation | −2058.4 | −8149.5 to 4032.6 | 0.504 | 11193.4 | −3264.9 to 25651.6 | 0.127 | −105.8 | −7687.7 to 7476.1 | 0.9778 | |||
| Social support | 2430.4 | −3674.3 to 8535.0 | 0.431 | 1008.9 | −65770.4 to 8588.1 | 0.792 | ||||||
| Comparison of outcomes | −379.4 | −9516.3 to 8757.6 | 0.935 | 3907.6 | −1759.9 to 9575.1 | 0.174 | −148.5 | −7753.8 to 77456.9 | 0.969 | −8906.1 | −18760 to 947.9 | .076 |
| Feedback and monitoring | 3813.2 | −3330.2 to 10956.7 | 0.292 | −3450.9 | −14788.5 to 77876.6 | 0.547 | ||||||
| Goals and planning | 3812.8 | −2973.0 to 10598.77 | 0.268 | −8537.3 | −15613.6 to −1461 | 0.019* | 25778.4 | −6328.5 to 11485.3 | 0.567 | −12416.9 | −24062.3 to −771.5 | .037* |
| Natural consequences | 7775.6 | 1124.2 to 14426.9 | 0.022* | 7729.4 | 661.6 to 14797.3 | 0.033* | 1307.0 | −7169.1 to 9783.1 | 0.760 | |||
| Self-beliefs | −2914.9 | −10886.8 to 5057.1 | 0.470 | 6848.6 | −3182.7 to 16879.9 | 0.178 | 6848.0 | −1522.6 to 15218.5 | 0.108 | |||
| Repetition and substitution | 492.9 | −9753.5 to 107739.2 | 0.924 | 14037.2 | −47.4 to 28121.9 | 0.051 | −6101.2 | −15954.2 to 3751.7 | 0.222 | 14828.5 | −7033.1 to 36690 | .181 |
| Comparison of behavior | −3779.4 | −9516.3 to 8757.6 | 0.935 | −13561.9 | −26950.5 to −173.3 | 0.047* | −2224.4 | −14943.0 to 10494.3 | 0.729 | −30650.2 | −52403 to −8897.3 | .006* |
| Associations | 3186.1 | −14827.3 to 21209.6 | 0.727 | −3450.9 | −14778.5 to 7876.6 | 0.547 | ||||||
| Reward and threat | 23339.0 | 10007.5 to 36670.5 | 0.001 | 20106.7 | 6750.8 to 33462.7 | 0.004* | −362.5 | −22760.9 to 22035.8 | 0.974 | |||
| Identity | 11355.7 | −19487.9 to 42199.4 | 0.467 | 19717.2 | 2631.6 to 36802.7 | 0.024* | 37685.8 | −3784.3 to 79155.9 | .074 | |||
| Scheduled consequences | NA | NA | NA | 77877.4 | −30500.0 to 46254.7 | 0.685 | ||||||
| Covert learning | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||
| Number of BCTS | 1256.2 | 2877.6 to 2224.7 | 0.012* | 991.1 | −235.3 to 2217.5 | 0.112 | 1763.1 | −243.3 to 3769.6 | .084 | |||
Note: * indicates significance, lower and upper cost-effectiveness analyses were based on n = 102 studies which provided cost-utility analyses.
NA, not applicable as this category was not coded in any intervention.