Table 6.
Factors associated with binary cost effective versus cost-ineffective interventions (based on all studies n = 251)
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | |
| Category | ||||||
| Med | Ref | |||||
| BI | 1.594 | 0.427 to 5.942 | 0.488 | |||
| Med + BI | 5.313 | 0.588 to 47.976 | 0.137 | |||
| Comp | 0.599 | 0.204 to 1.756 | 0.35 | |||
| Med + Comp | 2.266 | 0.408 to 12.590 | 0.35 | |||
| Mass media | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Control condition | ||||||
| Nothing/UC | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Lower impact | 5.332 | 1.225 to 23.217 | .026* | 5.374 | 1.200 to 23.674 | .026* |
| Matched impact | 0.699 | 0.216 to 2.265 | 0.551 | 0.733 | 0.219 to 2.450 | 0.614 |
| Intervention intensity | ||||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Medium | 0.721 | 0.230 to 2.257 | 0.574 | 0.691 | 0.218 to 2.190 | 0.53 |
| High | 0.28 | 0.110 to 0.709 | .007* | 0.283 | 0.112 to 0.727 | .009* |
| Unclear | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Setting | ||||||
| Primary care | Ref | |||||
| Secondary care | 0.705 | 0.146 to 3.400 | 0.663 | |||
| Community | 0.38 | 0.154 to 0.941 | .037* | |||
| Workplace | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Unclear/other | 0.383 | 0.125 to 1.171 | 0.92 | |||
| Delivery mode | ||||||
| Physician | NA | NA | ||||
| HP | Ref | |||||
| Media | NA | NA | ||||
| Mix | NA | NA | ||||
| Unclear/other± | 2.502 | 0.721 to 8.688 | 0.149 | |||
| Target level | ||||||
| Individual | Ref | |||||
| Groups | 1.514 | 0.355 to 6.844 | 0.59 | |||
| Population | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Mix | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Population | ||||||
| Vulnerable | Ref | |||||
| General | 1.126 | 0.531 to 2.390 | 0.756 | |||
| Supporting material | ||||||
| None | Ref | |||||
| Self-help | 1.49 | 0.327 to 6.7798 | 0.606 | |||
| Electronic | 1.088 | 0.302 to 3.927 | 0.897 | |||
| Mix | 0.745 | 0.234 to 2.374 | 0.619 | |||
| Pharmacological support | 1.488 | 0.680 to 3.252 | 0.32 | |||
| Social marketing | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Incentives | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Intervention functions | ||||||
| Training | 0.73 | 0.349 to 2.090 | 0.73 | |||
| Education | 0.727 | 0.298 to 1.772 | 0.483 | |||
| Enablement | 1.197 | 0.559 to 2.562 | 0.643 | |||
| Persuasion | 1.143 | 0.467 to 2.798 | 0.77 | |||
| Environmental restructuring | 0.763 | 0.161 to 3.617 | 0.733 | |||
| Incentivization | 1.28 | 0.157 to 10.461 | 0.818 | |||
| Restriction | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Modeling | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Coercion | NA | NA | NA | |||
| BCT groupings | ||||||
| Shaping knowledge | 0.189 | 0.025 to 1.433 | 0.107 | |||
| Antecedents | 1.431 | 0.672 to 3.045 | 0.353 | |||
| Regulation | 1.499 | 0.694 to 3.237 | 0.302 | |||
| Social support | 0.626 | 0.294 to 1.333 | 0.224 | |||
| Comparison of outcomes | 0.68 | 0.318 to 1.453 | 0.32 | |||
| Feedback and monitoring | 1.078 | 0.457 to 2.541 | 0.863 | |||
| Goals and planning | 0.734 | 0.326 to 1.653 | 0.456 | |||
| Natural consequences | 0.481 | 0.215 to 1.074 | 0.074 | |||
| Self-beliefs | 0.982 | 0.400 to 2.416 | 0.969 | |||
| Repetition and substitution | 0.52 | 0.180 to 1.504 | 0.227 | |||
| Comparison of behavior | 0.68 | 0.318 to 1.453 | 0.32 | |||
| Associations | 0.933 | 0.260 to 3.344 | 0.916 | |||
| Reward and threat | 0.634 | 0.172 to 2.346 | 0.495 | |||
| Identity | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Scheduled consequences | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Covert learning | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Number of BCTS | 0.931 | 0.836 to 1.036 | 0.189 | |||
Note: *Significance, all studies were included in the binary analysis of cost-effective versus cost-ineffective interventions (n = 251).
NA, not applicable as complete separation.