Table 1.
Summary of Baseline Characteristics by LDL-C Quartiles.
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1035 | 1031 | 1026 | 1026 | |
| Total hospital length of stay, days (median [IQR]) | 8.0 [5.0; 13.0] | 8.0 [5.0; 12.0] | 8.0 [5.0; 13.0] | 8.0 [5.0; 12.0] | .602 |
| Re-hospitalization, n (%) | 106 (10.2) | 110 (10.7) | 112 (10.9) | 137 (13.4) | .11 |
| Stay in intensive care, n (%) | 259 (25.0) | 144 (14.0) | 156 (15.2) | 131 (12.8) | <.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 178 (17.2) | 88 (8.5) | 75 (7.3) | 63 (6.1) | <.001 |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 215 (20.8) | 116 (11.3) | 81 (7.9) | 78 (7.6) | <.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 262 (25.3) | 144 (14.0) | 112 (10.9) | 99 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Out-of-hospital death, n (%) | 39 (4.8) | 19 (2.1) | 17 (1.8) | 10 (1.1) | <.001 |
| In-hospital death, n (%) | 223 (21.5) | 125 (12.1) | 95 (9.3) | 89 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Reinfection, n (%) | 14 (1.4) | 10 (1.0) | 9 (.9) | 8 (.8) | .576 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid use, n (%) | 267 (25.8) | 205 (20.0) | 227 (22.2) | 229 (22.4) | .017 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor use, n (%) | 94 (9.1) | 61 (5.9) | 62 (6.0) | 54 (5.3) | .002 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 162 (15.7) | 117 (11.3) | 93 (9.1) | 98 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Beta-blocker use, n (%) | 256 (24.7) | 225 (21.8) | 201 (19.6) | 193 (18.8) | .005 |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 112 (10.9) | 88 (8.6) | 92 (9.0) | 95 (9.3) | .312 |
| Oral antidiabetic use, n (%) | 184 (17.8) | 171 (16.7) | 189 (18.5) | 197 (19.3) | .467 |
| Ace/Arb use, n (%) | 369 (35.7) | 365 (35.4) | 359 (35.0) | 380 (37.0) | .788 |
| Male, n (%) | 552 (53.5) | 533 (51.7) | 506 (49.3) | 466 (45.4) | .002 |
| Age, years (median [IQR]) | 68 [54; 77] | 65 [54; 74] | 64 [51; 73] | 62 [52; 71] | <.001 |
| DM, n (%) | 300 (29.0) | 268 (26.0) | 293 (28.6) | 288 (28.1) | .44 |
| HT, n (%) | 549 (53.0) | 517 (50.1) | 514 (50.1) | 517 (50.4) | .474 |
| CAD, n (%) | 273 (26.4) | 219 (21.2) | 201 (19.6) | 224 (21.8) | .002 |
| CHF, n (%) | 83 (8.0) | 55 (5.3) | 36 (3.5) | 42 (4.1) | <.001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 178 (17.2) | 142 (13.8) | 126 (12.3) | 114 (11.1) | <.001 |
| CVD, n (%) | 27 (2.6) | 19 (1.8) | 25 (2.4) | 17 (1.7) | .377 |
| CKD, n (%) | 41 (4.0) | 33 (3.2) | 22 (2.1) | 18 (1.8) | .009 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 38 (3.7) | 49 (4.8) | 35 (3.4) | 46 (4.5) | .357 |
| LDH U/L (median [IQR]) | 327 [249; 445] | 306 [242; 386] | 295 [237; 378] | 284 [230; 358] | <.001 |
| TG mg/dL (median [IQR]) | 110 [82; 150] | 119 [92; 165] | 136 [99; 185] | 157 [116; 214] | <.001 |
| HDL-C mg/dL (median [IQR]) | 30 [24; 38] | 32 [27; 40] | 34 [28; 41] | 36 [30; 44] | <.001 |
| LDL-C mg/dL (median [IQR]) | 54 [44; 61] | 77 [72; 82] | 96 [92; 102] | 126 [117; 142] | <.001 |
| Albumin g/dL (median [IQR]) | 3.5 [3.1; 3.9] | 3.7 [3.3; 4.0] | 3.8 [3.4; 4.0] | 3.8 [3.5; 4.2] | <.001 |
| Glucose mg/dL (median [IQR]) | 139 [110; 184] | 132 [106; 176] | 130 [106; 182] | 136 [109; 189] | .054 |
| Creatinine mg/dL (median [IQR]) | .94 [.77; 1.27] | .89 [.74; 1.14] | .87 [.73; 1.09] | .86 [.73; 1.06] | <.001 |
| CRP mg/L (median [IQR]) | 47.4 [18.5; 94.3] | 39.1 [16.7; 78.9] | 36.7 [11.9; 73.5] | 30.1 [11.3; 63.9] | <.001 |
| log D-dimer mg/L (median [IQR]) | 5.64 [4.52; 6.71] | 5.36 [4.44; 6.41] | 5.34 [4.41; 6.42] | 5.49 [4.43; 6.49] | .006 |
| Ferritin μg/L (median [IQR]) | 299 [124; 645] | 276 [120; 565] | 263 [126; 566] | 273 [116; 549] | .14 |
| Procalcitonin μg/L (median [IQR]) | .24 [.05; .96] | .14 [.03; .59] | .10 [.02; .48] | .08 [.02; .36] | <.001 |
| Hb g/dL (median [IQR]) | 12.9 [11.4; 14.2] | 13.3 [12.0; 14.3] | 13.4 [12.3; 14.4] | 13.5 [12.4; 14.6] | <.001 |
| LYM 10^9/L (median [IQR]) | 1.05 [.69; 1.49] | 1.15 [.82; 1.57] | 1.29 [.90; 1.73] | 1.33 [.96; 1.78] | <.001 |
| NLR (median [IQR]) | 5.30 [2.73; 10.28] | 4.26 [2.45; 7.63] | 4.15 [2.24; 7.21] | 3.92 [2.35; 6.73] | <.001 |
| NEU 10^9/L (median [IQR]) | 5.63 [3.69; 8.52] | 5.07 [3.56; 7.37] | 5.10 [3.58; 7.33] | 5.32 [3.67; 7.27] | .001 |
| WBC 10^9/L (median [IQR]) | 7.49 [5.44; 10.44] | 7.04 [5.38; 9.33] | 7.11 [5.58; 9.35] | 7.32 [5.80; 9.39] | .005 |
| PLT 10^9/L (median [IQR]) | 212 [167; 270] | 230 [182; 287] | 238 [191; 291] | 251 [203; 305] | <.001 |
| Fibrinogen mg/dL (median [IQR]) | 451 [363; 535] | 448 [369; 538] | 441 [362; 538] | 454 [367; 544] | .677 |
Ace/Arb: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, DM: diabetes mellitus, HT: hypertension, CAD: coronary artery disease, CHF: chronic heart failure, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVD: cerebrovascular disease, CKD: chronic kidney disease, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, TG: triglyceride, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP: C-reactive protein, Hb: hemoglobin, LYM: lymphocytes, NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NEU: neutrophils, WBC: white blood cells, PLT: platelets, IQR: interquartile range.