Table 2.
Clinical Characteristics
| BD (n = 75) | |
|---|---|
| BD-I | 26 (35%) |
| BD-II | 23 (31%) |
| BD-NOS | 26 (35%) |
| Age of onset | 14.81 ± 2.66 |
| Lifetime clinical characteristics | |
| Lifetime psychosis | 8 (11%) |
| Lifetime suicide attempts | 12 (16%) |
| Lifetime self-injurious behaviour | 38 (51%) |
| Lifetime suicidal ideation | 47 (63%) |
| Legal history (police contact/arrest) | 19 (25%) |
| Lifetime physical abuse | 2 (3%) |
| Lifetime sexual abuse | 3 (4%) |
| Lifetime any abuse (physical and/or sexual) | 4 (5%) |
| Lifetime psychiatric hospitalization | 37 (49%) |
| Lifetime comorbid diagnoses | |
| ADHD | 37 (49%) |
| Anxiety disorder | 61 (81%) |
| Number of anxiety disorders | 1.63 ± 1.21 |
| Conduct disorder | 3 (4%) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 19 (25%) |
| Substance use disorder | 17 (23%) |
| Nicotine use | 11 (15%) |
| Lifetime medications | |
| Second generation antipsychotics | 55 (73%) |
| Lithium | 19 (25%) |
| Non-SSRI antidepressants | 14 (19%) |
| SSRI antidepressant | 25 (33%) |
| Stimulants | 16 (21%) |
| Current medications | |
| Second generation antipsychotics | 44 (59%) |
| Lithium | 14 (19%) |
| Non-SSRI antidepressants | 4 (5%) |
| SSRI antidepressants | 7 (9%) |
| Stimulants | 5 (7%) |
| Family psychiatric history | |
| Mania/hypomania | 36 (48%) |
| Depression | 55 (73%) |
| Anxiety | 46 (61%) |
| ADHD | 25 (33%) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; HC, healthy control; NOS, not otherwise specified; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Results are reported in mean ± SD or percentage (%) yes unless otherwise specified.