Table 3.
Subgroup post hoc analyses.
| Characteristics | Interventions (n=14), n (%) | Sample size (smartphone/control) | Meta-analysis, SDMa (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | Between-group tests, coefficient (95% CI) |
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|
I2 (%) | P value |
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| Depression severity | −0.49 (−0.76 to −0.22) | |||||||
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Mild to moderate | 3 (21) | 438/436 | −0.16 (−0.43 to 0.12) | 69.3 | .04 |
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Moderate to severe | 9 (64) | 587/557 | −0.67 (−0.79 to −0.55) | 0.0 | .68 |
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| Type of psychotherapy | 0.08 (−0.14 to 0.30) | |||||||
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CBTb | 4 (28) | 271/263 | −0.63 (−0.81 to −0.46) | 0.0 | .85 |
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|
CBT + positive psychology | 4 (28) | 411/405 | −0.55 (−0.95 to −0.15) | 87.1 | <.001 |
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CBT + mindfulness | 2 (14) | 288/286 | −0.18 (−0.64 to 0.28) | 72.7 | .06 |
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Behavioral activation | 2 (14) | 55/39 | −0.65 (−1.09 to −0.21) | 2.2 | .31 |
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| Intervention duration | −0.24 (−0.64 to 0.16) | |||||||
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1-7 weeks | 6 (43) | 659/652 | −0.41 (−0.68 to −0.14) | 80.5 | <.001 |
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|
8-12 weeks | 6 (43) | 366/341 | −0.66 (−0.81 To −0.50) | 0.0 | .80 |
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| Comparator | −0.41 (−0.87 to 0.05) | |||||||
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Usual care | 9 (64) | 832/825 | −0.58 (−0.76 to −0.40) | 62.9 | .001 |
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Active control (minimal intervention) | 3 (21) | 193/168 | −0.11 (−0.32 to 0.10) | 0.0 | .56 |
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| Intervention components | −0.07 (−0.52 to 0.37) | |||||||
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Unifaceted | 7 (50) | 552/520 | −0.48 (−0.72 to −0.24) | 63.2 | .01 |
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Multifaceted | 5 (35) | 473/473 | −0.56 (−0.87 to −0.24) | 80.3 | <.001 |
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| Directionality | −0.29 (−0.70 to 0.11) | |||||||
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Unidirectional communication | 8 (57) | 702/670 | −0.41 (−0.64 to −0.17) | 72.8 | <.001 |
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Bidirectional communication | 4 (28) | 323/323 | −0.68 (−0.84 to −0.52) | 0.0 | .72 |
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| Method for assessing depression | 0.07 (−0.68 to 0.81) | |||||||
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Diagnostic instrument | 1 (7) | 81/83 | −0.57 (−0.88 to −0.26) | N/Ac | N/A |
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Validated self-reported measure | 11 (78) | 944/911 | −0.50 (−0.70 to −0.30) | 72.4 | <.001 |
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aSMD: standardized mean difference.
bCBT: cognitive behavioral therapy.
cN/A: not applicable (subgroup with only 1 study).