Table 1.
Clinical studies with association between gut microbiota and efficacy/toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
| Reference | Study population | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Favourable microbiota | Unfavourable microbiota | ||
| Dubin et al. (51) Nature Communications 2016 |
Metastatic melanoma patients who received ipilimumab | Lower risk of anti-CTLA-4-induced colitis: • Bacteroidaceae, Barnesiellaceae, Rikenellaceae |
– |
| Chaput et al. (52) Annals of Oncology 2017 |
Metastatic melanoma patients who received ipilimumab | Lower risk of anti-CTLA-4-induced colitis: • Bacteroides spp. associated with less anti-CTLA-4-induced colitis |
Higher risk of anti-CTLA-4-induced colitis: • Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Gemmiger formicilis, butyrate producing bacterium L2-21 |
| Gopalakrishnan et al. (11) Science 2018 |
Metastatic melanoma who received PD-1 inhibitors |
Higher clinical response: • > gut bacterial diversity • Faecalibacterium prausnitzii |
Lower clinical response: • < gut bacterial diversity • Anaerotruncus colihominis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Escherichia coli |
| Matson et al. (53) Science 2018 |
Metastatic melanoma who received PD-1 inhibitor |
Higher clinical response: • Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus spp., Parabacteroides merdae, Veillonella parvula |
Lower clinical response: • Roseburia intestinalis, Ruminococcus obeum |
| Routy et al. (54) Science 2018 |
Metastatic urothelial carcinoma, NSCLC, and RCC who received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors |
Higher clinical response: • ↑ Akkermansia muciniphila, Alistipes spp., Eubacterium spp., Ruminococcus spp. • ↓ Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium longum, Parabacteroides distasonis |
– |
| Vetizou et al. (8) Science 2015 | Advanced melanoma and NSCLC who received ipilimumab | Higher clinical response: • B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron |
– |
| Frankel et al. (55) Neoplasia 2017 | Metastatic melanoma patients who received ICI | Higher clinical response: • Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides thetaiotamicro, Dorea formicogenerans, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Holdemania filiformis |
– |
CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitors; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; RCC, renal cell carcinoma.