Table 3.
Mean Scores of Outcome Measures at Baseline.
|
Study (N = 81) |
Control (N = 77) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome measures | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t | P-value |
| Self-management behaviors | ||||||
| Exercises (0–20) | 6.10 | 3.27 | 5.56 | 2.86 | 1.22 | 0.271 |
| Cognitive symptom management (0–5) | 1.11 | 0.82 | 1.09 | 0.89 | 0.13 | 0.894 |
| Communication with physician (0–5) | 1.20 | 1.12 | 1.38 | 1.33 | −0.92 | 0.360 |
| Self-efficacy | ||||||
| Managing disease in general (0–10) | 6.82 | 1.98 | 6.59 | 2.10 | 0.70 | 0.487 |
| Managing symptoms (0–10) | 5.93 | 2.66 | 5.64 | 2.84 | 0.66 | 0.508 |
| Health status | ||||||
| Disability (0–3) a | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.53 | 0.594 |
| Social/role activities limitations (0–4) a | 0.42 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.69 | 0.85 | 0.397 |
| Energy (0–5) | 3.36 | 1.30 | 3.44 | 1.30 | −0.42 | 0.678 |
| Psychological well-being (0–5) | 4.01 | 1.15 | 4.13 | 0.94 | −0.75 | 0.456 |
| Depressive symptom (0–5) a | 0.77 | 0.94 | 0.70 | 0.87 | 0.49 | 0.627 |
| Health distress (0–5) a | 0.87 | 1.29 | 0.92 | 1.03 | −0.26 | 0.796 |
| Pain and discomfort (0–10) a | 3.54 | 3.22 | 3.39 | 3.20 | 0.30 | 0.764 |
| Fatigue (0–10) a | 3.12 | 3.06 | 2.27 | 2.80 | 1.82 | 0.071 |
| Shortness of breath (0–10) a | 0.62 | 1.83 | 0.65 | 1.80 | −0.11 | 0.912 |
| Self-rated health (1–5) a | 3.59 | 0.92 | 3.55 | 0.91 | 0.32 | 0.747 |
| Healthcare services utilization | ||||||
| General practitioner visits b | 3.08 | 9.21 | 3.23 | 4.85 | −0.13 | 0.899 |
| Other health service visits | 3.98 | 12.29 | 2.78 | 5.15 | 0.79 | 0.431 |
| Emergency room visits | 0.62 | 1.40 | 0.47 | 1.06 | 0.79 | 0.432 |
| Number of days in hospital | 0.44 | 1.92 | 0.38 | 2.32 | 0.18 | 0.856 |
a
Lower score indicates better result.
b
Study group n = 77; control group n = 77.