TABLE 1.

The role of the Fox subfamilies in osteogenic differentiation.

Fox genes	Expression	Target genes/pathway	Effects on osteogenesis	Cells/animal model	Reference
FoxO1	Increased	Runx2, ALP, OCN	Promoted	C3H10T1/2 cells	Teixeira et al. (2010)
FoxO1	Increased	miR-424/FGF2, Runx2	Promoted	BMSCs	Li et al. (2017)
FoxO1/3/4	Deleted	PPARγ, Runx2, Osx, p66shc	Inhibited	Deletion of FoxO1/3/4 mice	Ambrogini et al. (2010)
FoxO1/3/4	Deleted	Wnt/β-catenin, cyclin D1	Promoted	Bipotential progenitors of osteoblast and adipocytes	Iyer et al. (2013)
FoxO3a	Increased	ALP, OCN, Runx2, LRP5, LRP6	Promoted	BMSCs	Sun et al. (2018)
FoxO3a	Increased	OCN, Runx2	Inhibited	MC3T3-E1 cells	Tang et al. (2019)
FoxC1	Decreased	Msx2, Runx2, ALP	Inhibited	C2C12 cells	Hopkins et al. (2016)
	Decreased	Runx2, osterix	Promoted	MC3T3 cells	Hopkins et al. (2016)
FoxC1	Increased	Msx2, Runx2, ALP	Promoted	C2C12 cells	Mirzayans et al. (2012)
FoxC1	KD	Msx2, ALP, OCN, Runx2	Promoted	O9-1 cells	Sun et al. (2013)
FoxC2	Increased	ALP, OCN, Cbfα1, Wnt/β-catenin, BSP, PPARγ2	Promoted	BMSCs	(Lin et al., 2016)
FoxP1	OE	Recombination signal-binding protein, ALP	Promoted	C3H10T1/2 cells	Li et al. (2017)
	KO	ALP, COL1A1, PPARG, CEBPA, FABP4	Inhibited	BMSCs	Li et al. (2017)
FoxP1/2/4	Decreased	Runx2	Promoted	Skeletal progenitor cells	Zhao et al. (2015)
FoxA2	KD	ERK, ALP, OPN, OCN, Runx2, Col1a1	Promoted	BMMSCs	Ye et al. (2018)
FoxD3	OE	OSX, TNAP, SOX9, OPN	Promoted	hESCs	Kamaldinov et al. (2018)
FoxD3	Increased	Wnt/β-catenin	Inhibited	BMMSCs	Huang and Chen, (2017)
FoxF1	KD	Wnt/β-catenin	Promoted	BMSCs	Shen et al. (2020)
FoxF1	Increased	TGF/β-catenin	Promoted	BMSCs	(Weng et al., 2019)
FoxM1	Decreased	RANKL/OPG, ALP	Promoted	PDLCs	Li et al. (2019)
FoxQ1	Increased	Wnt/β-catenin, ANXA2, ALP, OCN, OPG, Runx2	Promoted	BMSCs	Xiang et al. (2020)
FoxI1	Deleted	Fgf8	Inhibited	Foxi1 mutant embryo	Nissen et al. (2003)
FoxI3	Deleted	Pax8, Fgf3	Inhibited	Foxi3 mutant Mice	Edlund et al. (2014)
FoxL2	Deleted	GH/IGF1, SOX9	Inhibited	FoxL2−/− mice	Marongiu et al. (2015)
FoxG1	Decreased	Osteocalcin, ALP	Inhibited	Osteoblasts	Uchida et al. (2018)

Note. OE, overexpression; KD, knock down; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; BMMSCs, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells; PDLCs, periodontal ligament cells; hESCs, human embryonic stem cells; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; Runx2, Runt-related transcription factor 2; OCL, osteocalcin; PPARγ, proliferator-activated receptor γ2; msx2, msh homeobox 2; ERK, extracellular-regulated protein kinases; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.