Table 5.

The application of ADMSCs in vivo

Year	Team	Source of stem cells	Model	Observation time	Results
2009	Ganey et al. [73]	Canine ADMSCs + HA	Canine IDD model	12 months	COL II, proteoglycan content ↑, cell density↑
2014	Marfia et al. [64]	Human ADMSCs	Rat IDD model	12 weeks	Biglycan content↑, ACAN gene expression↑, imaging signals in IVD↑
2018	Zhou et al. [74]	Human ADMSCs + pig acellular NP scaffold	Rabbit IDD model	16 weeks	ECM↑, the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the combination system are brilliant, ADMSCs differentiate into NP cells
2019	Ishiguro et al. [75]	Transgenic rat ADMSCs	Rat IDD model without NP	6 months	Biomechanical properties are maintained in 6 weeks, IVD height maintain, AF and CEPs retain in 6 months
2019	Hua et al. [76]	Pretreated human ADMSCs	Rat tail IDD model	16 weeks	NP-specific markers genes expression and ECM↑, IVD height, water content and ECM content all change

ADMSCs adipose mesenchymal stem cells, ACAN aggrecan, AF annulus fibrosus, CEPs cartilaginous endplates, COL II collagen type II, ECM extracellular matrix, HA hyaluronic acid, IDD intervertebral disc degeneration, IVD intervertebral disc, NP nucleus pulposus