Table 7.

The application of WJMSCs, IVDSCs and PSCs in vivo

Year	Team	Source of stem cells	Model	Observation time	Results
2018	Beeravolu et al. [82]	WJMSCs differentiate into CPCs	Rabbit IDD model	8 weeks	NP-specific markers genes express more significantly in CPCs group
2020	McKee et al. [91]	Human WJMSCs + degenerative rabbit NP cells + scaffold	Rabbit IDD model	8 weeks	Promote WJMSCs differentiating into NP cells, avoid cell leakage and complications
2016	Chen et al. [92]	Human NPSCs/NP cells	Rabbit IDD model	8 weeks	NPSCs have better IVD repair effect than NP cells
2021	Marimuthu et al. [93]	Rat NPSCs	Allogeneic rat IDD model	21 days	NPSCs regenerative ability is stronger, MSCs anabolic activity↑and catabolic activity ↓, allotransplantation cause pro-inflammatory effect stronger
2009	Sheikh et al. [94]	Rat ESCs	Rabbit IDD model	8 weeks	Generate NCs
2020	Hu et al. [90]	Transfected human IPSCs + GDF-5 hydrogel	Rat IDD model	3 months	IDD symptoms improve both in imaging and histology
2021	Sun et al. [95]	Transfect human IPSCs to IMSCs	Rat IDD model	8 weeks	NP cells senescence delay, and restore the age-related function, activate SIRT6 pathway, downregulate PDE4D level

CPCs chondrogenic progenitor cells, ESCs embryonic stem cells, GDF growth differentiation factor, IDD intervertebral disc degeneration, IMSCs induced mesenchymal stem cells, IVD intervertebral disc, IPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, NCs notochord cells, NP nucleus pulposus, NPSCs nucleus pulposus stem cells, WJMSCs Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells