Table 8.

The application of stem cells in clinic

Year	Team	Types of cells	Number of cases	Observation time	Results
2011	Orozco et al. [56]	Autologous BMSCs	10	12 months	IVD water content↑, IVD height do not change
2015	Mochida et al. [57]	Autologous BMSCs + NP cells	9	3 years	JOA↑ in 9 patients, no symptoms of low back pain, no adverse reactions
2016	Elabd et al. [58]	Autologous BMSCs under hypoxia	5	Long-term	Protrusions volume↓in 4 patients, IVD height keep or slightly↓
2017	Centeno et al. [59]	Autologous BMSCs	33	6 years	Pain↓, spinal function↑, disc prolapse↓
2017	Pettine et al. [60]	Autologous BMSCs	26	3 years	IVD function↑ in all patients in 1 year, only 6 patients need surgical treatment in 3 years
2017	Noriega et al. [62]	Allogeneic BMSCs	12	12 months	VAS, ODI and Pfirrmann levels all perform well
2019	Henriksson et al. [61]	Autologous BMSCs	4	8 months	BMSCs differentiate into chondrocytes, ECM↑
2017	Kumar et al. [77]	Human ADMSCs + HA	10	12 months	VAS and ODI perform better over 5 patients, IVD water content↑ in 3 patients, no adverse reactions
2014	Pang et al. [96]	Human WJMSCs	2	2 years	VAS, ODI perform well

ADMSCs adipose mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, DHI disc height index, ECM extracellular matrix, HA hyaluronic acid, IVD intervertebral disc, JOA Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores, NP nucleus pulposus, ODI Oswestry Disability Index, VAS visual analogue scale, WJMSCs Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells