Table 1.
Descriptive statistics percentages stratified by sex and birth phases for the whole participants (n = 3,377) from KORA-Age 1 and KORA-Age 3
| Characteristic | Total (N = 3,377) | Sex | Birth phases | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (N = 1,616) | Female (N = 1,761) | P-value | Pre-war (N = 684) | Early war (N = 1,236) | Late war (N = 283) | Famine (N = 574) | After famine (N = 600) | P-value | |||
| Sex | Male | 47.8 | 47.8 | 49.2 | 48.1 | 46.5 | 46.3 | 0.76 | |||
| Female | 52.2 | 52.2 | 50.8 | 51.9 | 53.5 | 53.7 | |||||
| Age mean (SD) | MM = yes | 68.1 (1.9) | 68.1 (2.0) | 68.2 (1.9) | 0.325 | 70.1 (0.8) | 66.9 (1.3) | 70.7 (0.42) | 68.5 (0.9) | 65.9 (0.7) | 0.750 |
| MM = no | 67.7 (1.9) | 67.7 (1.9) | 67.7 (1.9) | 0.364 | 70.1 (0.7) | 66.8 (1.2) | 70.7 (0.4) | 68.5 (0.9) | 65.8 (0.7) | 0.734 | |
| Education | Low | 10.2 | 3.2 | 16.6 | < 0.001 | 16.5 | 11.6 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.7 | < 0.001 |
| Middle | 58.0 | 51.8 | 63.7 | 57.7 | 58.5 | 56.9 | 59.7 | 56.2 | |||
| High | 31.7 | 45.0 | 19.7 | 25.7 | 29.8 | 37.1 | 34.8 | 37.0 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | Never or rare use | 38.5 | 20.9 | 53.8 | < 0.001 | 38.6 | 37.1 | 38.2 | 40.9 | 36.7 | 0.038 |
| Once a week | 15.1 | 13.9 | 16.3 | 12.4 | 15.1 | 20.5 | 13.7 | 17.2 | |||
| Daily use | 46.7 | 65.1 | 29.8 | 49.0 | 47.8 | 41.3 | 44.9 | 45.8 | |||
| Physical Activity | Active | 66.8 | 69.2 | 64.6 | 0.005 | 64.5 | 66.6 | 63.6 | 67.1 | 71.3 | 0.072 |
| Inactive | 33.2 | 30.8 | 35.4 | 35.5 | 33.3 | 36.4 | 32.7 | 28.7 | |||
| BMI | Underweight or normal weight | 29.1 | 22.4 | 35.4 | < 0.001 | 26.9 | 27.5 | 32.9 | 29.9 | 32.5 | < 0.001 |
| Pre obese | 45.2 | 52.1 | 38.9 | 48.2 | 47.1 | 46.2 | 41.0 | 41.5 | |||
| Obese class I | 18.6 | 20.4 | 17.0 | 19.9 | 19.6 | 12.0 | 19.3 | 17.5 | |||
| Obesity class II or III | 6.2 | 4.4 | 7.9 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 8.4 | 8.0 | |||
| Smoking behavior | Never | 45.3 | 31.6 | 58 | < 0.001 | 55.9 | 45.4 | 43.8 | 39.7 | 39.0 | < 0.001 |
| Active smoker | 10.3 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 9.4 | 15.0 | |||
| Former smoker | 44.3 | 57.5 | 32.2 | 36.8 | 44.3 | 45.6 | 50.9 | 46.0 | |||
| Cognitive status | Good | 89.5 | 86.5 | 92.3 | < 0.001 | 84.8 | 90.8 | 86.2 | 92.0 | 91.5 | < 0.001 |
| Mildly impaired | 6.6 | 8.7 | 4.8 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 5.2 | 5.7 | |||
| Impaired | 2.1 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 1.2 | |||
| Baseline Survey | S1 | 26.0 | 25.3 | 26.7 | 0.685 | 27.6 | 26.8 | 24.0 | 24.8 | 24.7 | 0.17 |
| S2 | 23.5 | 23.4 | 23.6 | 21.1 | 25.0 | 25.1 | 23.2 | 22.5 | |||
| S3 | 25.8 | 25.7 | 25.8 | 28.9 | 24.9 | 26.1 | 24.0 | 25.5 | |||
| S4 | 24.7 | 25.6 | 24.0 | 22.4 | 23.2 | 24.7 | 28.0 | 27.3 | |||
Values represent % unless otherwise indicated. P-value from Chi-square test for categorical variables, from t-Test for comparing the mean of age variable and from ANOVA test for comparing the mean of multiple phases. Phases were defined based on participant’s critical developmental age (prenatal gestation or the first two years of life) and the World War II situation in Germany