Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for multimorbidity based on hierarchical logistic regression for the whole participants (n = 3,377) from KORA-Age 1 and KORA-Age 3
| Characteristics | model 1 | model 2 | model 3 | model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized age | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) | ||
| Birth phases (ref: After famine) | Pre-war | 1.64 (1.32–2.05) | 1.26 (0.88–1.82) | 1.35 (0.92–1.98) | |
| Early war | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | ||
| Late war | 2.3 (1.72–3.07) | 1.69 (1.08–2.64) | 1.83 (1.15–2.91) | ||
| Famine | 1.64 (1.30–2.07) | 1.39 (1.04–1.87) | 1.35 (0.99–1.84) | ||
| Female (ref: male) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | ||||
| Education (ref: low) | Middle | 0.82 (0.63–1.05) | |||
| High | 0.72 (0.55–0.95) | ||||
| Alcohol consumption (ref: never or rare use) | Once a week | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) | |||
| Daily use | 0.76 (0.64–0.91) | ||||
| Physical Activity (active) | Inactive | 1.47 (1.26–1.72) | |||
| BMI (ref: underweight or normal) | Overweight | 1.32 (1.11–1.57) | |||
| Obesity class I | 1.92 (1.55–2.38) | ||||
| Obesity class II or III | 3.09 (2.21–4.33) | ||||
| Smoking behavior (ref: never smoker) | Active smoker | 1.34 (1.05–1.72) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 1.36 (1.16–1.59) | ||||
| Cognitive status (ref: good) | Mildly impaired | 1.43 (1.07–1.92) | |||
| Impaired | 1.32 (0.81–2.18) | ||||
| AIC | 4638.4 | 4639.0 | 4637.8 | 4373.6 | |
Phases were defined based on participant’s critical developmental age (prenatal gestation or the first two years of life) and the World War II situation in Germany