Table 4.
Linear Regression identifying predictors of the PCS of SF-12.
| Variable | Unadjusted Beta (SE) | 95% CI | Adjusted Beta (SE) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| 18–35 Years | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 36–55 Years | −2.002 (1.298) | (-4.555, 0.551) | NS | NS |
| > 55 Years | −1.071 (2.028) | (-5.062, 2.919) | – | – |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Male | 3.487 (1.038) | (1.444, 5.530) * | 3.328 (1.111) | (1.143, 5.513) * |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Single (never married) | 0.344 (1.101) | (-1.822, 2.509) | – | – |
| Separated/Divorced | 2.934 (1.794) | (-0.418, 6.285) | NS | NS |
| Living Situation | ||||
| Not Alone (Family/Roommate) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Alone | 0.089 (1.690) | (-3.236, 3.415) | – | – |
| Smoking Status | ||||
| Current Smoker | 2.513 (2.154) | (-1.725, 6.752) | NS | NS |
| Ex-Smoker | −3.636 (3.230) | (-9.989, 2.717) | – | – |
| Never Smoked | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | −5.006 (1.785) | (-8.518, -1.494) * | NS | NS |
| Asthma | −1.851 (1.830) | (-5.452, 1.749) | – | – |
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | −5.371 (2.008) | (-9.320, -1.421) * | NS | NS |
| Depression | −3.412 (2.930) | (-9.716, 2.352) | – | – |
| Immunodeficiency | −1.800 (3.234) | (-8.162, 4.563) | – | – |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | −0.780 (6.791) | (-14.139, 12.578) | – | – |
| Initial Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | −2.290 (1.228) | (-4.706, 0.126) | NS | NS |
| Cough | −3.261 (1.116) | (-5.458, -1.065) * | NS | NS |
| Body Aches | −2.158 (1.097) | (-4.315, -0.001) * | NS | NS |
| Loss/Change in Sense of Smell | 0.097 (1.053) | (-1.974, 2.168) | – | – |
| Loss/Change in Sense of Taste | −1.695 (1.056) | (-3.772, 0.382) | NS | NS |
| Headache | - 0.891 (1.060) | (-2.977, 1.195) | – | – |
| Loss of Appetite | −3.806 (1.074) | (-5.919, -1.692) * | NS | NS |
| Nasal Stuffiness/Rhinorrhea | −1.427 (1.098) | (-3.587, 0.733) | NS | NS |
| Diarrhea | −2.460 (1.183) | (-4.788, -0.132) * | NS | NS |
| Chest Discomfort/Pain | −4.221 (1.212) | (-6.606, -1.836) * | NS | NS |
| Hair Fall | -.3650 (1.247) | (-6.103, -1.196) * | NS | NS |
| Dyspnea | −3.170 (1.346) | (-5.818, -0.522) * | NS | NS |
| Nausea/Vomiting | −5.621 (1.340) | (-8.256, -2.985) * | −4.026 (1.443) | (-6.886, -1.186) * |
| Conjunctivitis | −3.372 (2.151) | (-7.603, 0.859) | NS | NS |
| Asymptomatic | 4.376 (2.372) | (-0.290, 9.042) | NS | NS |
| Admitted to the Hospital | −3.536 (2.254) | (-7.970, 0.898) | NS | NS |
| Admitted to the ICU | −9.144 (3.623) | (-16.271, -2.017) * | −9.164 (3.560) | (-16.168, -2.160) * |
| Time since COVID-19 Diagnosis | ||||
| 1–3 Months | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 3–6 Months | 0.392 (1.263) | (-2.092, 2.877) | – | – |
| > 6 Months | 3.863 (1.078) | (1.743, 5.984) * | 3.192 (1.393) | (0.451, 5.932) * |
| Residual Symptoms | ||||
| Body Aches | −6.737 (1.009) | (-8.721, -4.753) * | −5.209 (0.997) | (-7.170, -3.248) * |
| Low Mood | −4.933 (1.089) | (-7.075, -2.791) * | −2.959 (1.078) | (-5.081, -0.838) * |
| Cough | −1.842 (1.142) | (-4.088, 0.404) | NS | NS |
| Hair Fall | −3.744 (1.223) | (-6.149, -1.338) * | NS | NS |
| Headache | −4.417 (1.233) | (-6.843, -1.990) * | NS | NS |
| Loss/Change in Sense of Smell | 1.278 (1.392) | (-1.460, 4.017) | – | – |
| Loss/Change in Sense of Taste | 0.054 (1.495) | (-2.886, 2.994) | – | – |
| Loss of Appetite | −2.553 (1.559) | (-5.620, 0.514) | NS | NS |
| Chest Discomfort/Pain | −6.854 (1.535) | (-9.874, -3.834) * | −4.842 (1.472) | (-7.738, -1.946) * |
| Dyspnea | −4.715 (1.815) | (-8.285, -1.146) * | NS | NS |
| Fever | −2.746 (1.855) | (-6.395, 0.904) | NS | NS |
| Nasal Stuffiness/Rhinorrhea | 1.405 (1.890) | (-2.313, 5.122) | – | – |
| Diarrhea | −5.028 (1.903) | (-8.770, -1.285) * | NS | NS |
| Nausea/Vomiting | −3.457 (2.446) | (-8.296, 1.356) | NS | NS |
| Conjunctivitis | 0.810 (6.791) | (-12.548, 14.169) | – | – |
| Asymptomatic | 6.793 (1.374) | (4.090, 9.496) * | 6.955 (1.352) | (4.296, 9.614) * |
SE: Standard Error, CI: Confidence Interval, NS: Non-significant, ICU: Intensive Care Unit. *Statistically significant.