TABLE 1.

Applications and biocompatibility of MSNs.

Nanomedicine	Purpose of treatment	Nanodrug size	Cargo	Modification	Modification function	Citation
MSNs-DOX@PDA-PEG	Improving the efficacy and reducing the side effects of anticancer drugs	198 nm	DOX	PEG-PDA	PEG increases the stability and biocompatibility; PDA functions as a pH-sensitive gatekeeper	Duo et al. (2017)
LM@MSNs/DOX@HA	Inhibiting solid tumor growth under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation by synergistic photothermal therapy/chemotherapy	160 nm	DOX	Liquid metal HA	Synergistic photothermal therapy/chemotherapy	Hu et al. (2019)
M-MSNs-DOX	Improving the efficacy and reducing the side effects of anticancer drugs	200 nm	DOX	PEG	PEG increases the stability and biocompatibility	Shao et al. (2016)
H-MSNs-DOX/siRNA	Inhibiting MDR tumor growth	70 nm	DOX/siRNA	—	—	Sun et al. (2017)
PTX/GEM LB-MSNPs	Synergistically suppressing pancreatic cancer stromal volume and tumor size	112 nm	GEM/PTX	Lipid-coated	Facilitate coentrapment of hydrophobic drugs	Meng et al. (2015)
PTX/TET-CTAB@MSNs	Combining drugs for antitumor activity and the reversal of MDR activities	125 nm	PTX/TET	CTAB	pH-responsive release property	Jia et al. (2015)
PMSN-PEI-CQ	Highly efficient transfection of plasmid DNA and reducing cytotoxicity	174.5–215 nm	CQ; pDNA	PEI	Protect the pDNA from nuclease degradation	Zarei et al. (2018)
MSN-2NH2/CpG	CpG oligodeoxynucleotide delivery	178 nm	CpG ODN	NH 2 -TES, 2NH 2 -TES, 3NH 2 -TES	Larger loading capacity, significantly enhance the serum stability of CpG ODN	Xu et al. (2015)
MSNs-NH2/dsDNA	Enhancing the delivery efficiency of immunostimulatory DNA drugs	190 nm	dsDNA	-NH2	Higher efficiency of cell uptake	Tao et al. (2014)
MSNPs-PEI-DOX/MDR1-siRNA	MDR cancer	150 nm	DOX MDR1-siRNA	PEI	Efficient transfection into KBV cells	Wang et al. (2018)
PEG-PEI@MSNs@siRNA	siRNA delivery	113 nm	siRNA	PEI-PEG	Good synthesis reproducibility and scalability	Ngamcherdtrakul et al. (2018)
KIT-6-MSNs@ siRNA	High nucleic acid loading capacity	200–400 nm	siRNA	—	—	Meka et al. (2016)
LPMSNs@TRAF3-shRNA	Inhibiting the mRNA and protein expression of TRAF3	170 nm	shRNA-TRAF3	—	—	Zhang J. et al. (2016)
MONs–PTAT@pDNA	Highly efficient intranuclear gene delivery	160 nm	pDNA	PTAT	High loading capacity, improved protection for the loaded gene, enhanced transfection efficiencies of EGFP plasmid	Wu et al. (2015)
CP-MSNPs@siRNA	Delivering siRNA for cancer therapeutics	105 nm	siRNA	CP	Positive charge for the loading of siRNA	Shen J. et al. (2014)
CM/SLN/Ce6	Tumor-targeted PDT of gastric cancer	115 nm	Ce6	Cellular membrane (CM)	High biocompatibility and inheritance of the merits of the source cells	Yang et al. (2019)
AuNRs@MSNs-RLA/CS(DMA)-PEG	Enhancing photodynamic and photothermal tumor therapy	200 nm	ICG AuNR	RLA/CS(DMA)-PEG	Tumor targeting and pH response	Liu et al. (2018)
64Cu-HMSN-ZW800-TRC105	Tumor-targeted positron emission tomography (PET)/near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dual-modality imaging	150 nm	64Cu	TRC105	Target tumor vasculature	Chen et al. (2014)
YSPMOs(DOX)@CuS	Multifunctional triple-responsive platform for chemo-photothermal therapy	222.6 nm	DOX	CuS	Avoid premature leakage in the delivery process, provide the photothermal therapy (PTT) ability	Cheng et al. (2018)
HmSiO2-FA-CuS-PEG/DOX	Nanoplatform for targeted chemo-photothermal therapy	155 nm	DOX	FA CuS	Target cancer cells Chemo-photothermal therapy	Liu et al. (2014)
PSiNPs@ PELA-PEG	Synergistic effects and MDR inhibition	286 nm	Afatinib, rapamycin, docetaxel	PELA-PEG	Achieve high biocompatibility and low permeability	Zhang et al. (2019)
CuS@MSNs-TRC105	Photothermal ablation properties and tumor vasculature targeting	65 nm	CuS	TRC105	Target tumor vasculature	Chen et al. (2015)
MSNP-CYS-5FU-FA-BA@DOX-CD	Augmented the innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms, Significantly reduced the tumor load and enhanced the survival of the animals	110 nm	Dox; 5-FU	FA	Active targeting by folic acid directs drugs in the close proximities of the tumor cells, causing efficient killing and significant growth inhibition	Srivastava et al. (2020)
Ru@MSNs	Exhibited high in vivo antitumor activity, the nanosystems at 20 nm exhibited low toxicity, the larger (80 nm) showed superior potential for overcoming MDR.	20 nm, 40nm, 80 nm	Ru	FA	Facilitate selectivity toward hepatocellular carcinoma cells	(Tang et al., 2013; Ma et al., 2018)
DTX-Lac-MSN	A hepatoma-targeting drug delivery system	100 nm	DTX	Lactose	Specifically target ASGPR	Quan et al. (2015)
MSNs-FA-Q	Targeted delivery with enhanced bioavailability	200 nm	Quercetin	FA	Target breast cancer cells	Sarkar et al. (2016)
MSNs-FA-TAN-MB	Ultrasound response property, tumor targeting and imaging in tumor therapy	2,608 nm	Tanshinone IIA (TAN)	FA MB	Tumor targeting, high biocompatibility	Lv et al. (2017)
MSR-MSNs	Dual-scale vaccine transport into host dendritic cells (DCs) to enhance cancer immunotherapy	150 nm	OVA, CpG-ODNs	—	—	Nguyen et al. (2020)
Trp2@HMSNs	Improved the antigen-loading efficacy, sustained drug release profiles, enhanced the phagocytosis efficiency, enabled DCs maturation and Th1 immunity, sustained immunological memory, and enhanced ​the adjuvant effect	200 nm	Trp2	PEI	Acted as an etching agent, protecting agent, soft template, and promoter	Liu et al. (2019)
LB-MSNs-OVA	Intradermal antigen delivery system	213 nm	OVA	Lipid bilayer	Significantly improve the colloidal stability and reduce the premature release of OVA	Tu et al. (2017)
Gd@SiO2-DOX/ICG-PDC	Cancer treatment and magnetic resonance imaging	214 nm	DOX, ICG Gd(III)	PDC	Protect from quick release of drugs and increase cellular uptake	Cao et al. (2015)
MSNs-DOX-Ag2Se	Chemo-photothermal therapy	130 nm	DOX	Ag2Se QD	Enhance photothermal properties and act as “gatekeepers"	Li et al. (2019)
Apt-PTPA-MSHNs	Highly efficient MRI contrast agents	200 nm	PTPA	EpCAM	Anti-EpCAM aptamer was conjugated with epoxy-functionalized PTPA MSHNs to improve selectivity toward the cancerous cells	Dineshkumar et al. (2019)
Mn-DTPA-MSNSs	Liver-specific positive MRI contrast agent	116 nm	—	Mn2+	MRI contrast agent	Pálmai et al. (2017)
Fe3O4@mSiO2/PDDA/BSA-Gd2O3	T1-T2 molecular magnetic resonance imaging of renal carcinoma cells	345 nm	BSA-Gd2O3, Fe3O4	AS1411	Specifically combine with nucleolin on the surface of the tumor cell	Li et al. (2018)
MSNs-GTMC-PMMA	Functionalization for orthopedic surgery to prevent post-surgery infection	100–400 nm	GTMC	PMMA	Critical weight-bearing mechanical properties	Letchmanan et al. (2017)
GTMC/TBMC/MSN/Simplex-P	The combination of excellent mechanical properties and sustainable drug delivery efficiency demonstrates the potential applicability for orthopedic surgery to prevent post-surgery infection	400 nm	GTMC TBMC	PMMA	Critical weight-bearing mechanical properties, bending modulus and compression strength of bone cement	Letchmanan et al. (2017)
SiO2-PMMA	Mimicking the mechanical properties of human enamel and hardness compatibility with human enamel	7 nm	—	PMMA	Achieve hardness compatible with that of human enamel and an elastic modulus similar to that of human dentin	Ikeda et al. (2019)
PDG-MSNPs	Improved the engraftment of islets (i.e., enhanced revascularization and reduced inflammation), re-establishment of glycemic control	120 nm	Glutamine	Polydopa-mine	Resulted in a delay in the release of glutamine	Razavi et al. (2020)
OST-MSNs-PA@PEI-siRNA	Increase expression of osteogenic related genes improving the bone microarchitecture	100 nm	Osteostatin SOST siRNA	alendronate (ALN) modified PEG	Confer the nanoparticles good colloidal stability and bone targeting capacity	Mora-Raimundo et al. (2021)
Ag@Vm-ge	Combined with the gentamicin delivery, the pathogenic bacteria in diabetic wound can be completely eradicated	145 nm	Gentamicin	—	—	Wang et al. (2021)
colchicine MSNs/chitosan-pullulan hydrogel	Enhanced the drug skin permeation and therapeutic activity in comparison to conventional free colchicine	167.1 ± 51.36 nm	Colchicine	Carboxyethyl chitosan/oxidized pullulan	Efficient transdermal delivery	Mohamed et al. (2020)
Ce@MSNs	Stimulated osteoblast cells to produce bone matrix and demonstrated antioxidant properties in a co-culture cells without osteogenic supplements	80 nm	Ce	—	—	Pinna et al. (2021)