Table 2.
Results of multiple logistic regression in exploring the factors of NTS infection in MSD children aged < 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
| Factors | Sub-Saharan Africa | South Asia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value* | aOR (95% CI) | P value* | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value* | aOR (95% CI) | P value* | |
| Age group (months) | ||||||||
| 0–11 | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| 12–23 | 0.92 (0.54–1.56) | 0.75 | 1.06 (0.78–1.44) | 0.70 | 0.84 (0.46–1.53) | 0.57 | 0.82 (0.31–2.20) | 0.69 |
| 24–59 | 1.02 (0.57–1.84) | 0.94 | 1.47 (1.14–1.89) | < 0.01 | 1.09 (0.58–2.05) | 0.79 | 1.15 (0.18–7.54) | 0.89 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Boy | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Girl | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | 0.24 | 0.71 (0.44–1.17) | 0.18 | 0.93 (0.56–1.56) | 0.79 | 0.85 (0.70–1.02) | 0.09 |
| Stunting | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 1.41 (0.86–2.32) | 0.18 | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 0.04 | 1.34 (0.80–2.22) | 0.26 | – | |
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Visible blood in the stool | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 0.72 (0.35–1.49) | 0.37 | 0.51 (0.44–0.60) | < 0.01 | 1.23 (0.74–2.03) | 0.43 | – | |
| Duration of diarrhea (day) on admission | 1.32 (0.78–2.21) | 0.30 | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | < 0.01 | 0.56 (0.30–1.03) | 0.06 | – | |
| Indicators of MSD | ||||||||
| Loss of skin turgor | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 2.31 (1.41–3.80) | < 0.001 | 2.41 (1.74–3.33) | < 0.01 | 0.80 (0.37–1.71) | 0.56 | – | |
| Required intravenous rehydration | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 1.23 (0.71–2.13) | 0.46 | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 0.01 | 1.04 (0.49–2.19) | 0.92 | – | |
| Dysentery | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 0.76 (0.34–1.69) | 0.50 | 2.21 (1.39–3.53) | < 0.01 | 1.11 (0.67–1.83) | 0.68 | – | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Natural floor | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 0.72 (0.45–1.61) | 0.18 | 0.50 (0.28–0.88) | 0.02 | 1.34 (0.85–2.30) | 0.19 | – | |
| Main source of drinking water | ||||||||
| Non–tube well | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Tube well | 0.61 (0.22–1.68) | 0.34 | 0.54 (0.32–0.91) | 0.02 | 1.63 (0.98–2.69) | 0.06 | – | |
| Toilet facility available | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 0.66 (0.38–1.18) | 0.16 | 0.58 (0.53–0.65) | < 0.01 | 1.07 (0.37–3.06) | 0.90 | – | |
| Animal in house | ||||||||
| Cow | ||||||||
| Absent | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Present | 1.44 (0.89–2.31) | 0.14 | 1.54 (1.09–2.16) | 0.01 | 2.33 (1.32–4.12) | < 0.01 | – | |
| Goat | ||||||||
| Absent | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Present | 1.22 (0.73–1.95) | 0.40 | – | 2.40 (1.13–5.12) | 0.02 | 2.15 (1.25–3.70) | < 0.01 | |
| Handwashing practice | ||||||||
| Wash hands before eating | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 0.84 (0.45–1.56) | 0.58 | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | 0.05 | 2.44 (1.18–5.04) | 0.02 | – | |
| Wash hands after defecation | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 0.77 (0.45–1.32) | 0.35 | 0.80 (0.69–0.94) | < 0.01 | 1.61 (0.87–2.99) | 0.13 | – | |
| Wash hands after handling animal | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 2.16 (1.03–4.50) | 0.04 | 2.41 (1.74–3.33) | < 0.01 | 2.44 (1.31–4.57) | < 0.01 | 2.26 (1.36–3.74) | < 0.01 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||||
| Stool consistency | ||||||||
| Soft/hard | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Loose watery | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) | 0.53 | 1.30 (1.13–1.50) | < 0.01 | 0.77 (0.46–1.31) | 0.34 | – | |
| Mucus in stool | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 1.69 (1.01–2.83) | 0.04 | 2.11 (1.39–3.22) | < 0.01 | 1.23 (0.55–2.04) | 0.41 | – | |
| Copathogen isolated in stool | ||||||||
| Campylobacter spp. | ||||||||
| Absent | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Present | 0.54 (0.21–1.56) | 0.19 | 0.54 (0.49–0.61) | < 0.01 | 0.98 (0.54–1.81) | 0.96 | – | |
| Giardia | ||||||||
| Absent | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Present | 0.63 (0.31–1.29) | 0.21 | – | 0.49 (0.19–1.22) | 0.13 | 0.55 (0.41–0.72) | < 0.01 | |
aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; MSD = moderate-to-severe diarrhea; NTS = nontyphoidal Salmonella; OR = odds ratio.
*
P values were calculated using multiple logistic regression; adjusted for age, gender, and site as a cluster, variables with P value < 0.05 were considered for inclusion in the final model.