Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics of the included studies.
| References | Country | Sample size (attrition rate) | Gender (male) | Mean age or age range | Duration (W) | Experimental group intervention | Control group intervention | Outcome assessments | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitchell et al. (2014) | United States | 38 (0%) | 0 | 18–65 (44.37) | 12 | 1 × 75 min/week; hatha yoga | Regular daily life | PCL/STAI/CES-D | Yes |
| Jindani et al. (2015) | Canada | 80 (37.5%) | 9 | 18–64 (41) | 8 | 1 × 90 min/week; Kundalini yoga (KY) | Regular daily life | PCL/DASS 21/ISI/PSS | No |
| Seppälä et al. (2014) | United States | 21 (4.7%) | 21 | T = 28.09 ± 2.91 C = 29.20 ± 6.66 |
1 | 7 × 18 min/week Sudarshan Kriya yoga | Regular daily life | PCL/MASQ/GDD/GDA | Yes |
| Quiñones et al. (2015) | Colombia | 100 (9%) | 65 | No | 16 | 2 × 60 min /week Satyananda Yoga | Mandatory ordinary assistance protocol designed by ACR | PCL | No |
| Reinhardt et al. (2017) | United States | 38 (52.6%) | 34 | T = 44.12 ± 13.97 C = 46.58 ± 12.66 |
10 | 2 × 90 min/week; yoga sessions | No treatment | PCL/CAPS | Yes |
| Huberty et al. (2020) | United States | 60 (50%) | 0 | >18 | 12 | 1 × 150 min/week; yoga | 60 min/week of toning exercises | STAI/PTSD/PHQ-9/PSQI | Yes |
| Goldsteina et al. (2017) | United States | 47 (0%) | 38 | T = 47.42 ± 15.94 C = 46.31 ± 14.37 |
12 | 3 × 60 min/week exercise sessions (aerobics)exercise, yoga, mindfulness) | Regular daily life | CAPS | Yes |
| van der Kolk et al. (2014) | United States | 64 (6.25%) | 0 | T = 41.5 ± 12.2 C = 44.3 ± 11.9 |
10 | 1 × 60 min/week; yoga intervention | TAU | CAPS/BDI-II | No |
| Dick et al. (2014) | United States | 38 (31.6%) | 26 | 44.37 ± 12.37 | 12 | 1 × 75 min/week; yoga intervention | Regular daily life | PCL | Yes |
| Kim et al. (2013) | United States | 22 (14.3%) | 0 | T = 47.6 ± 7.7 C = 45.0 ± 10.0 |
8 | 8 × 60 min/week; MBX sessions | Regular daily life | PCL | Yes |
| Omidi et al. (2013) | IR Iran | 62 (0%) | 37 | 39–59 | 8 | 7 × 120 min/week; MBSR | TAU | BRUMS | No |
| Carter et al. (2013) | Canada | 31 (19.5%) | 25 | T = 58.5 ± 3.8 C = 58.4 ± 4.8 |
1 | 22 h of yoga over 5 days; SKY intervention | No intervention reported | CAPS/CES-D/PCL-M | Yes |
| Possemato et al. (2016) | United States | 62 (29.0%) | 54 | T = 46.3 ± 16.4 C = 47.4 ± 16.2 |
4 | 1 × 90 min/week BMT | TAU | PCL-S/PHQ-9/CAPS | Yes |
| Kearney et al. (2013) | United States | 47 (6.3%) | 37 | T = 52 ± 13.4 C = 52 ± 11.7 |
8 | 1 × 150 min/week MBSR + TAU | TAU | PCL-S/PHQ-9/BADS | Yes |
| Polusny et al. (2015) | United States | 116 (14.6%) | 98 | T = 57.6 ± 10.4 C = 59.4 ± 9.2 |
8 | 1 × 150 min/week MBSR | Present-centered group therapy | PCL/PHQ-9/BADS | Yes |
| Kelly and Garland (2016) | United States | 45 (13.3%) | 39 | 41.5 ± 14.6 | 8 | 1 × 150 min/week MBSR | Wait-list control | PCL-C/BDI-II/RSQ | Yes |
W, week; T, trait group; C, control group; TAU, treatment as usual; PCL, PTSD Checklist; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; DASS 21, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; MASQ, Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire; GDA, General Distress-Anxiety; GDD, General Distress-Depressive; DASS-42, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CAPS, Clinician Administered PTSD Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; HAM-D/-A, Hamilton Depression/Anxiety Rating scales; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; SCL-90-R, symptom checklist-90-revision; BMT, brief mindfulness training; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; RSQ, Relationship Structures Questionnaire; MBX, mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercises.