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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 11.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2018 Nov 27;138(22):2469–2481. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036063

Figure 1. Comparison of a traditional and genetic biomarker study design.

Figure 1.

In a traditional design (top panel), the biomarker and outcomes are measured in the same population and either prospective or cross-sectional associations are explored. In the genetics-based study design used in these analyses (bottom panel), genetic predictors of biomarker levels are constructed in one population. These predictors are then used to compute genetically-predicted biomarker levels for each individual in a second genotyped population. Associations between the predicted biomarker levels and a large number of outcomes are then tested within the clinical population.