Table 2.

Study characteristics.

STUDY & COUNTRY [REFERENCE]	TARGET POPULATION	INTERVENTION	PROGRAMME CONTENTS	N (INTERVENTION, CONTROL)*1	SETTING	DATA COLLECTION PERIOD	STUDY TYPE (ANALYSES)	OUTCOMES
Bhatt, S.P. United States [28]	COPD	Bundle*2	Post-acute care bundle: antibiotics, educational materials, interval follow-up, and periodic phone calls	78, 109	Secondary (hospital) care	2012 vs. 2014	Cohort study with control group (independent sample statistical tests)	HR, EDV, Vis, HC, LoS
Koehler, B.E. United States [29]	PwM	Bundle	Elderly care bundle designed as an intensive patient-centred educational programme. Includes daily visits during hospital stay, standardised phone calls for follow-up appointments and education, and medication verification post discharge	22,20	Secondary (hospital) care	2007	Randomised control trial (independent sample statistical test)	HR, LoS
Morton, K. United Kingdom [30]	COPD	Bundle	COPD discharge bundle: technique (inhalers), action plan, pulmonary rehabilitation, smoking cessation, and specialist follow up.	4657, 4515	Secondary (hospital) care	2013–2017	Pre-post study with control group (regression models)	Mor, HR, EDV, LoS
Parekh, T.M. United States [31]	COPD	Bundle*2	Post-acute care bundle: expedited follow-up visits in a COPD focused clinic, home calls, medication assistance, and tobacco cessation counselling.	459, 239	Secondary (hospital) care	2012–2014	Cohort study with control group (independent sample statistical tests)	Mor, HR, EDV, HC, LoS
Pawaskar, M. United States [32]	Diabetes	Capitation	Managed care organisations receive a fixed amount of payment per enrolee per month	3763, 4818	Primary care, secondary (hospital) care	1999–2005	Cohort study with control group (regression models)	ADU, Hos, EDV, Vis
Quinn, A.E. Canada [33]	Diabetes, CKD	Capitation	A salary-like payment that covered clinical, research, and teaching time	15949, 15949	Secondary (hospital) care	2011–2015	Cohort study with matched control group (regression)	DRE, Hos, EDV, Vis, HC
Joynt Maddox United States [21] CHF, COPD		DRG*2	BPCI-model 2 bundle: Participating hospitals assume accountability for the costs of all care within 30, 60, or 90 days after hospitalisation for one or more of 48 conditions	226, 407 hospitals	Secondary (hospital) care	2013–2015	Pre-post study with matched control group (regression models)	Mor, HR, EDV, HC, LoS
Kutz, A. Switzerland [34]	COPD	DRG	All costs related to all acute inpatient hospital services	19046, 30764	Secondary (hospital) care	2009–2015	Pre-post study without control group (regression models)	Mor, HR, LoS
Lichkus, J. United States [35]	CHF	DRG*2, 3	One bundled payment per 90-day episode of care initiated by an anchor admission for CHF exacerbation.	283, 316	Secondary (hospital) care	2013–2017	Pre-post study without control group (t-tests)	HR, HC
Maughhan, C. United States [36]	Dementia	DRG*2	BPCI-model 2 bundle: Participating hospitals assume accountability for the costs of all care within 30, 60, or 90 days after hospitalisation for one or more of 48 conditions.	45007, 45007 episodes	Secondary (hospital) care	2011–2012 & 2013–2016	Pre-post study with matched control group (regression models)	Mor, HR, EDV
Salzberg, C.A. United States [37]	Diabetes	Global budget*3	Primary care practices receive a monthly, risk-adjusted total payment for the comprehensive care of all patients in the practice	64471, 133345	Primary care	2008–2013	Pre-post study with matched control group (regression models)	HR, Hos, EDV, Vis, HC
Cross, D.A. United States [38]	PwM	P4P	P4P-programme with incentives linked to 1) Medical Home Practice Transformation, 2) Provider-delivered Care Management, and 3) Practice Quality Assessment	17501, 195344	Primary care	2010–2013	Cohort study with control group (regression models)	DRE, ADU, HR, Hos, EDV, Vis, HC
Hollander, M.J. Canada [39]	Diabetes, CHF, COPD	P4P	P4P-programme with incentives linked to the provision of guidelines-based care to patients with chronic conditions	176542, 209064	Primary care	2010–2011	Cohort study with matched control group (paired samples t-test)	HR, Hos, HC

*¹ Total number included in analyses relevant to this study – patients unless indicated otherwise.

*² Part of Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) Initiative.

*³ Payment reform is accompanied by an organisational reform.

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PwM: Patients with multimorbidity, CHF: Chronic health failure, CKD: Chronic kidney disease.

DRE: Disease related examination(s)/treatment(s), ADU: Appropriate drug use, Mor: Mortality, HR: Hospital readmissions, Hos: Hospitalisations, EDV: Emergency Department Visits, Vis: Visits, HC: Healthcare costs, LoS: Length of Stay.