Table 3.

Effects of targeted payment reforms on the quality of care outcomes.

STUDY	PAYMENT MODEL	DISEASE-RELATED EXAMINATION(S)/TREATMENT(S)	APPROPRIATE DRUG USE	MORTALITY	HOSPITAL READMISSIONS		RISK OF BIAS
					AC	DR
Bhatt, S.P.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	None	Critical
Koehler, B.E.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Mixed	n.a.	Some concerns
Morton, K.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	None	None	None	Moderate
Parekh, T.M.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	Decrease	None	n.a.	Serious
Pawaskar, M.	Capitation	n.a.	Decrease	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Serious
Quinn, A.E.	Capitation	None	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Moderate
Joynt Maddox, K.E.	DRG	n.a.	n.a.	None	None	n.a.	Serious
Kutz, A.	DRG	n.a.	n.a.	None	None	n.a.	Moderate
Lichkus, J.	DRG*1	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	Critical
Maughhan, B.C.	DRG	n.a.	n.a.	None	None	n.a.	Moderate
Salzberg, C.A.	Global budget *1	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	Moderate
Cross, D.A.	P4P	Increase	Increase	n.a.	Decrease	n.a.	Moderate
Hollander, M.J.	P4P	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	Serious

AC: All-cause, DR: Disease-related, n.a. Not applicable.

*¹ Payment reform is accompanied by an organisational reform.

Increase’ or ‘decrease’ signifies that the study found a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect in all outcomes related to a specific outcome domain. ‘Mixed’ was used for studies with varying outcomes within one domain. ‘None’ was used for studies that found no statistically significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) for any of the outcomes related to a specific outcome domain or that studies did not report on any significance.