Table 4.

Effects of targeted payment reforms on outcomes related to the utilisation of healthcare.

STUDY	PAYMENT MODEL	HOSPITALISATIONS		ED VISITS		VISITS		HEALTHCARE COSTS		LENGTH OF STAY	RISK OF BIAS
		AC	DR	AC	DR	AC	DR	AC	DR
Bhatt, S.P.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	Critical
Koehler, B.E.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	Some concerns
Morton, K.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	Moderate
Parekh, T.M.	Bundle	n.a.	n.a.	Decrease	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Decrease	n.a.	Decrease	Serious
Pawaskar, M.	Capitation	Increase	n.a.	Increase	n.a.	Decrease	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Serious
Quinn, A.E.	Capitation	None	n.a.	None	n.a.	None	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	Moderate
Joynt Maddox, K.E.	DRG	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	None	Serious
Kutz, A.	DRG	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	Moderate
Lichkus, J.	DRG*1	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	Critical
Maughhan, B.C.	DRG	n.a.	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Moderate
Salzberg, C.A.	Global budget *1	Increase	n.a.	None	n.a.	None	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	Moderate
Cross, D.A.	P4P	Increase	n.a.	None	n.a.	None	n.a.	None	n.a.	n.a.	Moderate
Hollander, M.J.	P4P	None	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Increase	n.a.	None	Serious

ED: Emergency Department, AC: All-cause, DR: Disease-related, n.a. Not applicable.

* ¹ Payment reform is accompanied by an organisational reform.

Increase’ or ‘decrease’ signifies that the study found a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect in all outcomes related to a specific outcome domain. ‘Mixed’ was used for studies with varying outcomes within one domain. ‘None’ was used for studies that found no statistically significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) for any of the outcomes related to a specific outcome domain or that studies did not report on any significance.