Table 1.
Main characteristics of articles included in the systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between fish consumption and colorectal cancer risk.
| First Author, Year | Country | Study Name | Study Size (a) | Men (%) | Age Range (at Cohort Inception) | Study Length | Follow-Up Time (Years) | Fish Consumption Assessment (b) | No. Cases | Anatomic Site Distribution of Colorectal Cancers | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colon | Rectal | Ns or Other | ||||||||||
| Aglago, 2020 [13] (c) | Europe | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) | 476,160 | 29.9% | 25–70 | 1992–ns | median 14.9 | intake + frequency | 6291 | 66.7% | 33.3% | 0.0% |
| Bradbury, 2020 [14] | UK | UK biobank study | 475,581 | 46.0% | 40–69 | 2006–2014 | mean 5.7 | intake + frequency | 2609 | 66.8% | 33.2% | 0.0% |
| Kantor, 2014 [26] | USA | VITamins And Lifestyle cohort | 68,109 | 49.0% | 50–70 | 2001–2008 | mean 6.7 | frequency | 488 | 63.7% | 26.3% | 10.0% |
| Song, 2014 [27] | USA | Nurses’ Health Study | 76,386 | 0.0% | 30–55 | 1976–2010 | mean 14.8 | intake | 1469 | 76.9% | 21.1% | 2.0% |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 47,143 | 100.0% | 40–75 | 1986–2010 | 987 | 65.2% | 21.8% | 13.0% | ||||
| Bamia, 2013 [22] (c) | Europe | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition | 480,308 | 30.0% | 25–70 | 1992–2010 | mean 11.6 | intake | 4355 | 63.2% | 36.8% | 0.0% |
| Daniel, 2011 [28] | USA | National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study | 492,186 | 59.6% | 50–71 | 1995–2006 | mean 9.1 | intake | 7143 | 71.3% | 26.4% | 2.3% |
| Spencer, 2010 [25] | UK | UK Dietary Cohort Consortium | 2575 | 45.9% | ns | 1985–2006 | ns | intake | 579 | ns | ns | 100.0% |
| Murff, 2009 [24] (d) | China | Shanghai Women’s Health Study | 73,243 | 0.0% | 40–70 | 1996–2007 | ns | intake | 396 | ns | ns | 100.0% |
| Lee, 2009 [11] (d) | China | Shanghai Women’s Health Study | 74,942 | 0.0% | 45–65 | 1997–2005 | mean 7.4 | intake | 394 | 59.9% | 40.1% | 0.0% |
| Sugawara, 2009 [29] | Japan | Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort Study | 39,498 | 47.7% | 40–79 | 1995–2003 | mean 7.7 | intake | 566 | 59.5% | 40.5% | 0.0% |
| Butler, 2008 [30] | Singapore | Singapore Chinese Health Study | 61,321 | ns | 45–74 | 1993–ns | mean 9.8 | intake | 961 | 61.5% | 38.5% | 0.0% |
| Hall, 2008 [10] | USA | Physicians’ Health Study | 21,406 | 100.0% | ns | 1982–2006 | ns | frequency | 500 | 77.6% | 22.4% | 0.0% |
| Engeset, 2007 [23] (c) | Norway | The Norwegian Women and Cancer | 64,168 | 0.0% | 40–71 | 1991–2004 | ns | intake | 254 | ns | ns | 100.0% |
| Siezen, 2006 [31] | The Netherlands | Monitoring Project on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors + Diagnostisch Onderzoek Mammacarcinoom | 160 | ns | ns | 1976–2003 | ns | frequency | 160 | ns | ns | 100.0% |
| Brink, 2005 [32] | The Netherlands | The Netherlands Cohort Study | 2948 | 48.4% | 55–69 | 1986–1993 | mean 5.0 | intake | 608 | 73.7% | 26.3% | 0.0% |
| Larsson, 2005 [33] | Sweden | The Swedish Mammography Cohort | 61,433 | 0.0% | 40–75 | 1987–2003 | mean 13.9 | frequency | 733 | 53.1% | 31.4% | 15.5% |
| English, 2004 [34] | Australia | The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | 37,112 | 39.5% | 27–75 | 1990–2003 | mean 9.0 | frequency | 451 | 62.5% | 37.3% | 0.2% |
| Kobayashi, 2004 [9] | Japan | The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study | 116,194 | 49.3% | 40–69 | 1990–1999 | ns | intake | 705 | ns | ns | 100.0% |
| Lin, 2004 [35] | USA | Women’s Health Study | 37,547 | 0.0% | 45–ns | 1993–2003 | mean 8.7 | frequency | 202 | 80.2% | 19.8% | 0.0% |
| Tiemersma, 2002 [36] | The Netherlands | Monitoring Project on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 102 | 54.9% | 20–59 | 1987–1998 | mean 8.5 | frequency | 102 | 61.8% | ns | ns |
| Knekt, 1999 [37] | Finland | Cohort assembled within the Mobile Health Clinic of the Social Insurance Institution | 9985 | 52.8% | 15–99 | 1967–1990 | ns | intake | 189 | 38.6% | ns | 61.4% |
| Pietinen, 1999 [38] | Finland | The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study | 27,111 | 100.0% | 50–69 | 1985–1995 | mean 8.0 | intake | 185 | ns | ns | ns |
| Kato, 1997 [8] | USA | New York University Women’s Health Study | 14,727 | 0.0% | 34–65 | 1985–1994 | mean 7.1 | frequency | 100 | 84.0% | 16.0% | 0.0% |
| Gaard, 1996 [39] | Norway | Cohort assembled within the Norwegian National Health Screening Service | 50,535 | 50.1% | 20–54 | 1977–ns | mean 11.4 | frequency | 143 | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Bostick, 1994 [40] | USA | Iowa Women’s Health Study | 35,216 | 0.0% | 55–69 | 1986–1990 | mean 4.8 | frequency | 212 | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
(a) Cohort size or (for nested case–control studies) number of CRC cases. (b) Food intake was ex-pressed in g/day except in Daniel et al. 2001 (g/1000 kcal/day). Frequency was expressed as times, servings, or meals per week or month depending on the study. (c) Bamia et al. [22] was based on a shorter follow-up of the EPIC study than in Aglago et al. [13]. Engeset et al. [23] was based on one of the country-specific EPIC cohorts. From the studies by Bamia et al. and Engeset et al. we con-sidered only the results not available in Aglago et al. (d) The results from Murff et al. [24] were used only when they were not available in Lee et al. [11], which was based on the same cohort.