Table 5.

Effects of fish or its components on different animal models of colorectal cancer metastasis.

Experimental Model	Dietary Intervention and Duration of Treatment	Effects on Colon Cancer and Metastasis	Reference
Mice inoculated with CT-26 tumor cells	Diets containing fish or safflower oils fed for 30 days before and after CT-26 transplantation.	Fish oil (FO) reduced tumor growth and pulmonary colonization.	Cannizzo, 1989 [59]
Mice s.c. implanted with Co 26 Lu tumor cells	Diets containing EPA and DHA during and after cancer cell transplantation.	Inhibition of tumor growth and decrease in lung metastatic nodules.	Iigo, 1997 [60]
Mice s.c. implanted with Co 26 Lu tumor cells	Diets containing EPA, DHA, LA, or oleic acid (OA) from day 5 for a total of 3 wks after cell implantation.	EPA, DHA, and OA reduced metastasis. Tumor cells treated with DHA showed a very low potential for lung colony formation when injected i.v.	Suzuki, 1997 [61]
Rats inoculated with ACL-15 tumor cells	Diets containing EPA, LA, or PA. ACL-15 tumor cells inoculated at 6 wks and rats sacrificed at 9 wks.	EPA reduced metastatic foci in liver. EPA and PA diet groups had smaller liver metastatic foci.	Iwamoto,1998 [62]
Rats injected (via portal vein) with CC531 tumor cells	Diets containing FO or safflower oil for 3 wks before CC531 inoculation until sacrifice after 1 or 3 wks.	FO increased metastasis (number and size) at 1 wk after implantation; both FO and the safflower oil diets increased metastasis 3 wks after implantation.	Griffini, 1998 [63]
Rats injected (into the spleen) with CC531 tumor cells	Diets containing PUFA or coconut oil in the diet 3 days before and 28 days after CC 531 injection.	Reduction in tumor growth in the PUFA group.	Gutt, 2007 [64]
Mice injected (into the spleen) with MC-26 tumor cells	Diet containing EPA-FFA. Feeding 2 wks before and after cell injection.	EPA-FFA administration caused a reduced MC-26 liver tumor burden.	Hawcroft, 2012 [65]