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. 2022 Jan 27;14(3):644. doi: 10.3390/cancers14030644

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Interactions of clear cell RCC and the tumour microenvironment. A2AR, adenosine A2A receptor; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CD, cluster of differentiation; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IFNγR, IFNγ receptor; Kyn, kynurenine; M2 phenotype, alternatively-activated phenotype; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; MER-TK, MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; Treg, regulatory T cell; Trp, tryptophan; Tyro-3, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor TYRO3; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor.