Table 3.
Ongoing clinical trials of combination CPI/anti-VEGF-targeted therapy (TKI or mAb) in RCC.
| NCT Number | Phase | Population | Intervention | Agent type | Statusref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-PD-1 | Anti-PD-L1 | Anti-CTLA-4 | |||||
| TKI + CPI | |||||||
| NCT02493751 | I | RCC (treatment-naïve) | Axitinib + avelumab | x | Active, with results [112,113] | ||
| NCT02684006 | III | RCC (treatment-naïve) | Axitinib + avelumab versus sunitinib | x | Active, with results [83,84,113,114] | ||
| NCT03341845 | II | Localised RCC | Axitinib + avelumab as neo-adjuvant | x | Recruiting [115] | ||
| NCT04698213 | II | Metastatic RCC | Avelumab + intermittent axitinib | x | Recruiting | ||
| NCT02133742 | Ib | Treatment-naïve aRCC | Axitinib + pembrolizumab | x | Complete, with results [116] | ||
| NCT04370509 | II | Locally advanced or metastatic RCC | Axitinib + pembrolizumab | x | Recruiting | ||
| NCT02853331 | III | RCC | Axitinib + pembrolizumab versus sunitinib | x | Active, with results [80,113,117] | ||
| NCT03086174 | Ib | RCC and melanoma | Axitinib + toripalimab | x | Active | ||
| NCT03172754 | I/II | aRCC | Axitinib + nivolumab | x | Recruiting | ||
| NCT02496208 | I | Genitourinary tumours including RCC | Cabozantinib + nivolumab ± ipilimumab | x | x | Recruiting, with results [86,89] | |
| NCT03200587 | I | mRCC | Cabozantinib + avelumab | x | Active | ||
| NCT03170960 | Ib | Solid tumours including RCC | Cabozantinib + atezolizumab | x | Recruiting, with results [90] | ||
| NCT03149822 | I/II | mRCC | Cabozantinib + pembrolizumab | x | Active, with results [91] | ||
| NCT03635892 | II | Non-ccRCC | Cabozantinib + nivolumab | x | Recruiting | ||
| NCT04413123 | II | Non-ccRCC | Cabozantinib + nivolumab + ipilimumab | x | x | Recruiting | |
| NCT04322955 | II | Metastatic ccRCC | Cabozantinib + nivolumab + Cytoreductive nephrectomy | x | Recruiting | ||
| NCT03866382 | II | Non-ccRCC | Cabozantinib + nivolumab + ipilimumab | x | x | Recruiting | |
| NCT03141177 | III | mRCC (treatment-naïve) | Cabozantinib + nivolumab versus sunitinib | x | Active, with results [85] | ||
| NCT03937219 | III | mRCC (treatment-naïve) | Cabozantinib + nivolumab + ipilimumab versus nivolumab + ipilimumab | x | x | Active | |
| NCT04338269 | III | Locally advanced or metastatic RCC | Cabozantinib + atezolizumab versus cabozantinib | x | Recruiting | ||
| NCT03937219 | III | Treatment-naïve locally advanced or metastatic RCC | Cabozantinib + nivolumab + ipilimumab versus nivolumab + ipilimumab | x | x | Active | |
| NCT03793166 | III | mRCC | Cabozantinib + nivolumab versus nivolumab | x | Recruiting [118] | ||
| NCT03136627 | I/II | mRCC | Tivozanib + nivolumab | x | Active, with results [92,119] | ||
| NCT03006887 | Ib | Solid tumours including RCC | Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab | x | Completed | ||
| NCT02501096 | Ib/II | Solid tumours including RCC | Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab | x | Active, with results [87,93,94,120,121] | ||
| NCT02811861 | III | RCC | Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab or lenvatinib + everolimus versus sunitinib | x | Active, with results [88] | ||
| Anti-VEGF mAb + CPI | |||||||
| NCT02210117 | I | mRCC amenable to curative surgery | mRCC amenable to curative surgery | x | x | Active, with results [122] | |
| NCT02348008 | Ib/II | RCC | Pembrolizumab + bevacizumab | x | Completed, with results [123,124] | ||
| NCT02420821 | III | mRCC (treatment-naïve) | Atezolizumab ± bevacizumab versus sunitinib | x | Active, with results [79,125] | ||
Anti-VEGF, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies; aRCC, advanced renal cell carcinoma; ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; CPI, checkpoint inhibitor; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen; mAb, monoclonal antibody; mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma; NCT, National Clinical Trial; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; Ref, related reference; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.