Table 1.

Intervention: duration of fasting. Characteristics of the studies in dogs.

Reference	Type of Study/Design	Animals (Dogs)	Control/ Intervention	Type of Drugs Used	Procedure
Galatos et al., 1995 [10]	prospective cohort clinical study	240 (125 females, 115 males), age 6 months–9 years, weight 2.5 to 46 kg	2–4 h/12–18 h	propionylpromazine, atropine, xylazine, pethidine, diazepam, thiopentone, halothane	nonabdominal, nonthoracic
Savvas et al., 2016 [15]	randomized clinical trial	120, age 1–8 years, weight 4.6–42 kg	3 h/10 h	propionyl promazine, thiopentone, halothane	nonabdominal, nonthoracic, no head tilt
Viskjer 2017 et al. [14]	prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial	82, age 48.39 ± 35.31 months, weight 27.37 ± 13.14 kg	3 h/18 h	acepromazine, methadone, morphine, propofol, isoflurane, morphine epidurally in some dogs	orthopaedic surgery
Tsompanidou et al., 2022 [47]	prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial	90 (37 females, 53 males), age 1–10 years, weight 5–39 kg	3 h/12 h	acepromazine, pethidine, propofol, isoflurane	nonabdominal, nonthoracic