Table 1.

Results of selected studies on the use of FMT for relapsed/refractory CDI.

Reference	Data Source	Number of Patients (n)	Outcome	Adverse Events
Youngster et al. [24]	A prospective study	180 using oral frozen capsules	CDI resolved in 82% of patients after a single treatment, rising to a 91% cure rate with two treatments.	Three cases of Grade 2 or above adverse reactions deemed related to the FMT were reported: One transient high fever, two new endoscopic diagnoses of ulcerative colitis.
Furuya-Kanamori et al. [25]	A collaborative analysis of patient data from 14 studies	305 (207 by lower and 98 by upper gastrointestinal route)	Risk of clinical failure was 5.6% and 17.9% in those treated by upper gastrointestinal route, and 4.9% and 8.5% in those treated by lower gastrointestinal route at Day 30 and 90, respectively.	Not reported.
Liu et al. [26]	Single center retrospective data	25 procedures (via feeding tube (n = 11), upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (n = 8), or colonoscopy (n = 6) in 24 patients)	Symptoms resolved in 21 of 24 patients (87.5%). Three patients who did not respond underwent a second FMT and all three responded	No serious adverse reactions were attributed to FMT.
Ponte et al. [27]	Single center retrospective study	34 (via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (n = 30) or colonoscopy (n = 4)	Cure after one FMT in 22/25 (88%) and after two or more FMT in another 2/25 (8%).	No serious adverse reactions were reported.
Kelly et al. [28]	FMT National Registry Data	222 had follow-up at 1 month and 123 at 6 months.	90% cure rate at 1 month and 96% cure rate at 6 months.	At 1 month, 1% had hospitalization for diarrhea and severe abdominal pain, felt probably related to FMT; at 6 months, 1% developed irritable bowel syndrome and 1% inflammatory bowel disease.