Table 2.
Molecules implicated in CS/CC.
| Effects | Role in CC/CS | |
|---|---|---|
| Amines | ||
| Serotonin | vasoconstriction/vasodilatation, | diarrhea, cramps |
| bronchoconstriction, | bronchospasm | |
| fibroblastic activation | carcinoid heart disease | |
| Histamine | vasoconstriction/vasodilatation | flushing, pruritus, edema |
| bronchoconstriction | bronchospasm | |
| tachycardia | ||
| 5-Hydroxytryptophan | vasodilatation | diarrhea, cramps |
| Norepinephrine | vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, tremor | anxiety |
| Dopamine | vasodilatation, GI motility block | |
| Polypeptides | ||
| Kallikrein | conversion of kininogens in kinins (bradykinin and kallidin) | flushing, bronchospasm |
| Bradykinin | vasodilatation, bronchoconstriction, edema | flushing, bronchospasm |
| Somatostatin | GH, TSH, prolactin, insulin, glucagon release inhibition | diabetes, cholelithiasis, steatorrhea, hypochloridria |
| Motilin | GI motility stimulation | diarrhea, cramps |
| Pancreatic Polypeptide | pancreatic secretion regulation (inhibits the secretion of fluids, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes) | |
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide | vasodilatation, smooth muscle relaxation induction, secretion of water into pancreatic juice, and bile stimulation | profuse diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria |
| Neuropeptide K (tachykinin family) | bronchoconstriction, bradycardia | |
| Substance P (tachykinin family) | bronchoconstriction | |
| bradycardia | ||
| Neurokinin A (tachykinin family) | bronchoconstriction | |
| bradycardia | ||
| Neurokinin B (tachykinin family) | bronchoconstriction | |
| bradycardia | ||
| Corticotropin (ACTH) | cortisol release | Cushing Syndrome |
| Gastrin | hydrochloric acid release by the stomach | Zollinger Ellison Syndrome |
| Growth Hormone | cell metabolism stimulation | acromegaly |
| Peptide YY | anorectic effect | |
| Glucagon | glucose and fatty acid release | necrolytic migratory erythema, weight loss hyperglycemia |
| Beta-endorphin | pain relief | |
| Neurotensin | gastrin and motilin release inhibition, vasodilatation | |
| Chromogranin A | vasostatin precursor, pancreastatin, catestatin, and parastatin that inhibit hormone released by neuroendocrine cells | |
| Prostaglandins | vasoconstriction/vasodilatation |