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. 2022 Feb 3;14(3):786. doi: 10.3390/cancers14030786

Table 3.

Study design and results a.

Reference Intervention Duration Adherence Results △Muscle Index d Sarcopenia
Reversed d
Vs. BL Vs. Control
Adams et al. [23] Three times/week;
Supervised
RET or AET		 17 weeks b RET: 68.2%
AET: 72.0%
  • (1)

    Increased SMI:

    △SMI between PI and BL in AET = 0.21 (0.01–0.05) kg/m2;

    △SMI between PI and BL in RET = 0.36 (0.17–0.55) kg/m2;

    Difference in △SMI between RET and UC = 0.32 (0.04–0.60) kg/m2, p = 0.017;

    Difference in △SMI between AET and UC = 0.18 (−0.10–0.46) kg/m2, p = 0.35

  • (2)

    Reversed sarcopenia:

    RET vs. UC/AET: 42.9% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.039

 2.4% e 2.1% e 26.2%
Yamamoto
et al. [24]		 Daily;
Unsupervised
Combined
RET and AET
and
nutritional support		 16 days b 50%
  • (1)

    Handgrip strength increased:

    PI vs. BL: 21.2 ± 5.2 kg vs. 20.0 ± 5.3 kg, p = 0.022

  • (2)

    Gait speed increased (not significant):

    PI vs. BL: 0.85 ± 0.22 m/s vs. 0.80 ± 0.21 m/s, p = 0.06

  • (3)

    SMI increased (not significant):

    PI vs. BL: 6.22 ± 0.70 kg/m2 vs. 6.12 ± 0.69 kg/m2, p = 0.06

  • (4)

    Sarcopenia reversed:

    4 patients (18.2%) became nonsarcopenic after the program

 1.6% NA 18.2%
Dawson
et al. [25]		 Three times/week;
Supervised
RET;
With or without protein supplementation		 12 weeks >85%
  • (1)

    Attenuated sarcopenia prevalence:

    EXE vs. NoEXE c:—23.1% vs. + 5.2%, p = 0.04

  • (2)

    Increased ASMI in EXEc group:

    △ASMI between PI and BL = 0.3 kg/m2, 95% CI: 0.2–0.4

  • (3)

    Better ASMI change in the exercise groups:

    EXE vs. NoEXE c: 3.6% vs. 0.1%, p = 0.02

    Difference of △ASMI between EXE and NoEXE = 0.3 kg/m2, p = 0.02

 3.6% 3.7% 28.3%
Dieli-
Conwright
et al. [26]		 Three times/week;
Supervised
Combined
RET and AET		 16 weeks 95%
  • (1)

    Increased LBM in the intervention group:

    BL vs. PI LBM: 53.8 ± 7.9 vs. 56.7 ± 8.0 (kg), p = 0.001

  • (2)

    PI LBM higher in the intervention group:

    Exercise vs. UC: 56.7 ± 8.0 vs. 49.0± 7.9 (kg),

    Difference in PI LBM = 7.7 kg, 95% CI: 5.5–10.3 kg, p = 0.001

  • (3)

    Increased ASMI in the intervention group:

    BL vs. PI SMI: 5.0 ± 0.4 vs. 6.6 ± 0.6 (kg/m2), p = 0.001

  • (4)

    PI ASMI higher in the intervention group:

    Exercise vs. UC: 6.6 ± 0.6 vs. 4.2 ± 0.4 (kg/m2),

    Difference in PI ASMI = 2.4 kg/m2, 95% CI: 1.3–4.1 kg/m2, p = 0.001

 5.4 % (LBM);
32% (ASMI)		 12.8 % (LBM);
50%
(ASMI)		 Not reported
Koya et al. [27] Daily;
In-hospital
Combined
RET and AET		 52 days b Not reported
  • (1)

    Higher △SMI change in the exercise group: p < 0.001

  • (2)

    Exercise is an independent factor for an increase in SMI:

    HR = 2.13 (1.215 ~ 3.846), p = 0.009

 Not reported Not reported Not reported
Moug et al. [28] Daily;
Unsupervised
AET		 14 weeks Not reported
  • (1)

    Increased median TPI in the intervention group:

    Crude: intervention vs. control: +16.0 vs. −8.4 mm/m2, p = 0.07

    Adjusted: mean difference = 40.2 mm2/m2, 95% CI: −3.4 to 83.7 mm2/m2, p = 0.07

 2.7% 6.9% f Not reported
Delrieu et al. [29] Daily;
Unsupervised
AET		 6 months Not reported
  • (1)

    No significant change in cross sectional muscle area, SMD, LBM and SMG (p = 0.75, 0.07, 0.75 and 0.06)

  • (2)

    Improvement in 6 min walking distance: +7%, p < 0.001

  • (3)

    Improvement in isometric quadriceps strength: +22%, p < 0.001

 Not reported Not reported Not reported

a AET = aerobic exercise training; ASMI = appendicular skeletal muscle index; BL = baseline; BMI = body mass index; GS = gait speed; HR = hazard ratio; LBM = lean body mass; NA = not applicable; PI = post-intervention; RET = resistance exercise training; SMD = skeletal muscle radiodensity; SMI = skeletal muscle index; SMG = skeletal muscle gauge; TPI = total psoas index; UC = usual care group; △ = change between baseline and post-intervention. b Median intervention time. c Groups with an exercise segment compared with groups without exercise segment. d Calculated using data reported by publications. Muscle mass index including SMI, ASMI and TPI. △Muscle mass index vs. BL = difference between post- and pre-intervention muscle mass index mean in intervention group/pre-intervention muscle mass index mean in the intervention group; △Muscle mass index vs. control = difference between the change in muscle mass index mean in intervention and control groups at the end of the study/pre-intervention muscle mass index mean in the intervention group; Sarcopenia reversed = difference of proportion of sarcopenia being reversed after intervention in intervention and control groups (for Adams et al.: RET vs. AET/UC), or (for Yamamoto et al.) proportion of sarcopenia being reversed after intervention in the intervention group. e Data in RET group was used. f Adjusted group difference was used.