. 2022 Feb 8;12(3):405. doi: 10.3390/ani12030405

Table 2.

Devices for automatic combined activity and feeding monitoring for calving prediction, with performance and references.

Parameter	Sensor Type	Device	N	Application	TI	Device Performance	Factory	References
Combination of activity, feeding, rumination and temperature	Accelerometer	RumiWatch	22 multiparous	Noseband sensor + pedometer	3 h	Multiparous cows	ITIN + HOCH GmbH, Fütterungstechnik CH-4410 Liestal, Switzerland	Fadul et al. [36]
						Se = 85%; Sp = 74%;	https://www.rumiwatch.com/
						AUC = 90.8%
			11 primiparous			Primiparous cows
						Se = 88.9%; Sp = 93.3%;
						AUC = 97.7%
		RumiWatch	35	Noseband sensor	1 h	Se = 82%; Sp = 87%;	Agroscope, Ettenhausen, Switzerland and Itin + Hoch GmbH, Liestal, Switzerland	Zehner et al. [37]
		RumiWatch	35	Noseband sensor	1 h	PPV = 4%; AUC = 82%	https://www.rumiwatch.com/	Zehner et al. [37]
		SensOor	42	Ear tag	24 h	Se = 51%; Sp = 51%;	Agis Automatisering BV, Harmelen, Netherlands	Ouellet et al. [29]
						PPV = 27%; NPV = 75%;	https://www.agis.nl/Cowmanager
						AUC = 0.54
					12 h	Se = 52%; Sp = 55%;
						PPV = 15%; NPV = 88%;
						AUC = 0.60
					6 h	Se = 63%; Sp = 63%;
						PPV = 11%; NPV = 95%;
						AUC = 0.67
			400		12 h	Se = 51.5%; Sp = 99.4%;		Rutten et al. [38]
			400		12 h	AUC = 90.1%		Rutten et al. [38]
					6 h	Se = 48.5%; Sp = 99.3%;
					6 h	AUC = 90.1%
					3 h	Se = 42.4%; Sp = 99.2%;
					3 h	AUC = 90.1%
					1 h	Se = 21.2%; 99.1%;
					1 h	AUC = 90.1%
		Smartbow^®	150	Ear tag	24 h	Se = 27%; Sp = 96%;	Smartbow GmbH, Weibern, Austria	Krieger et al. [39]
			(validation set)			Acc = 92%	https://www.smartbow.com/	Krieger et al. [40]
			450					Krieger et al. [41]
			(validation set)
			12 h	Se = 35%; Sp = 95%;
			12 h	Acc = 94%
					6 h	Se = 43%; Sp = 95%;
					6 h	Acc = 94%
					3 h	Se = 49%; Sp = 95%;
					3 h	Acc = 94%
					1 h	Se = 54%; Sp = 95%;
					1 h	Acc = 94%
			54		4 h ¹	PPV = 12.6%		Horvàth et al. [31]
		Smartbow^®	5	Ear tag (fixed to the tail)	from 6 to	n.a.	Smartbow GmbH, Weibern, Austria	Horvàth et al. [31] Krieger et al. [41]
		Smartbow^®	5	Ear tag (fixed to the tail)	121 min	n.a.	https://www.smartbow.com/	Horvàth et al. [31] Krieger et al. [41]
		RT-BT-9axisIMU	3	Collar	n.a.	n.a.	RT Corporation, Tokyo, Japan	Peng et al. [42] Peng et al. [42]
		RT-BT-9axisIMU	3	Collar	n.a.	n.a.	(NS)	Peng et al. [42] Peng et al. [42]

N: number of animals; NS: not specific, means that devices was self-assembled by researchers starting from data logger and sensor available in the market. This means that there are no commercially available products specific for use in cow. TI: time interval between calving alarm and parturition. Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; Acc: accuracy; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predicting value; AUC: area under curve; n.a.: not available. ¹ Compared retrospectively to fetal sacs rupture, as identified by an intravaginal device.