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. 2022 Jan 30;14(3):732. doi: 10.3390/cancers14030732

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Potential biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Biomarkers are exosomal proteins and lipids of lung cancer samples. A single marker (A1AG1, AHSG, Alix, ANGPTL4, Annexins (I, II, III, V, VI, XI), AQP5, BAGE, CD5L, CD91, CD151, CD171, CEACAM1, CTNNB1, ECM1, EGFR, EpCam, Galectin-9, GCC2, GRB2, HIST1H4A, HLA-class I, HSP70, HTATIP2, HUWE1, Integrin α3β1, IQGAP, JAK1, LBP, LRG1, MUC1, MUC5B, NPRL2, NY-ESO-1, PD-L1, PLAP, PROM1, RALA, RHOV, SRC, SRGN, THBS1, Tim-3, TNFAIP3, TPM3, and TSPAN8) indicates that a single protein is used for the diagnosis. The set of multiple markers means that the combination of multiple proteins in one single set (P1: CD81, TAG72, CD63, TSG101, CD9, CD163, MUC1, N-cadherin, EGFRvIII, c-MET, Flotillin-1, HB-EGF, EGFR, TNF RI, NY-ESO-1, CD146, CD142, and PLAP; P2: CD151, TSPAN8, NY-ESO-1, HER2, CD171, EGFRvIII, SFTPD, Flotillin-1, CD142, and Mucin16; and P3: CD151, TSPAN8, CD171, SFTPD, CD82, PLAP, NY-ESO-1, HER2, Flotillin-1, and Mucin16) or multiple lipids in one single set (L1: PC(18:1_18:2), PC(18:0_18:2), PC(16:0_22:6), PC(16:0_18:2), SM(d18:1_16:0), PC(18:0_20:3), PC(16:0_20:4), PC(16:0_22:5), CE(20:4), TAG(52:5), SM(d18:1_24:1), PC(18:0_18:1), PC(16:0_16:0), TAG(54:6), LysoPC(16:0), and LysoPC–pmg(12:0)) should be used for the diagnosis. Diagnosis is the discrimination between the lung cancer group (i.e., patients with lung cancer) and the control group (i.e., healthy individuals or patients without lung cancer). Prognosis (Alix, EGFR, EpCam, Galectin-9, HGF, HSP70, LRG1, NY-ESO-1, PD-L1, PLAP, and Tim-3) could involve treatment response monitoring, clinicopathological correlation, and overall survival prediction. Treatment represents some of the mechanisms or pathways of the proteins (ANGPTL4, AREG, EGFR, HGF, HSP70, Hsp72, IL-10, LRG1, PD-L1, TGF-β, and VIM) that have been studied and could be used for further investigation and development for lung cancer therapy (please refer to the section “Protein composition of lung cancer exosomes” and original papers for marker usage).