Table 2.
Most relevant metabolic alterations reported in recent multi-omics studies focused on the characterization the metabolic phenotypes of different PCa subtypes.
| Study | Sample | Omics Data | Group Comparison | Major Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gómez-Cebrián et al. [100] | Urine, serum | M + T | Low- vs. high- grade PCa | High-grade: ↑ glucose, glycine, and 1-methylnicotinamide |
| Kiebish et al. [101] | Serum | L + M + P | non-BCR vs. BCR | BCR: ↑ TNC, APOA-IV, and 1-methyladenosine and ↓ phosphatidic acid |
| Liu et al. [102] | Tissue | G + M | PCa vs. metastatic | Metastatic Pca: ↑ CYP1A1, PNP, SMS, proline, cholesterol, sarcosine, spermidine, and spermine |
| Li et al. [103] | Tissue | M + T | PCa vs.metastatic | Metastatic PCa: ↓ histamine |
| Latonen et al. [77] | Tissue | E + G + P + T | PCa vs. CRPC | CRPC: ↓ ACO2, OGDH, SUCLG1, and IDH3A; ↑ MDH2 |
| Gao et al. [104] | Cell lines | L + M + T | LNCaP vs. SCNC | LNCaP: ↑ PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH, TDH, GCAT, citrate, isocitrate, and succinate; ↓ fumarate, glutamate, glutamine, IDH1, GLUD1, GLUD2, carnitine, and short-chain acylcarnitines SCNC: ↑ lactate and LDH; ↓ G6P |
| Joshi et al. [105] | Cell lines | M + T | CPT1A KD vs. CPT1A OE | CPT1A OE: ↑ PHGDH, PSAT1, SHMT2, CTH, GSTO2, dimethylglycine, cystathionine, cystathionine, and cysteine; ↓ glycolysis |
| Chen et al. [106] | Cell lines | M + T | ARCaPE vs. ARCaPM | ARCaPM: ↑malate, ACO2, SDHA, aspartate, ASS1, and SRR; ↓ glycolysis, succinate, and citrate |
| Hansen et al. [107] | Tissue | L + M | ERGlow vs. ERGhigh | ERGhigh: ↑ ethanolamine, glycine, phosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, ACACA, FASN, and SAT1; ↓ ACO2, citrate, spermine, putrescine, and glucose |
| Yan et al. [108] | Tissue | L + M + T | SPOP wt vs. SPOP-mutant | SPOP-mutant:↑ ACADL, ELOVL2, FH, fatty acids, fumarate, and malate |
| Andersen et al. [109] | Tissue | M + T | Low vs. high reactive stroma | High reactive stroma: ↑ taurine and leucine; ↓ citrate, spermine, and scyllo-inositol |
| Oberhuber et al. [110] | Tissue | M + P + T | STAT3low vs. STAT3high | STAT3low: ↑ OXPHOS, TCA cycle, ribosomal activity, pyruvate, fumarate, and malate; ↓ PDK4 |
ACACA: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, ACADL: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain, ACO2: aconitase, APO-AIV: apolipoprotein A1V, ARCaP: androgen-repressed prostate cancer cell, ASS1: arginosuccinate synthase 1, BCR: biochemical recurrence, CPT1A: carnitine palmitoyl transferase I, CRPC: castrate-resistant prostate cancer, CTH: cystathionine gamma-lyase, CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1, E: epigenomics, ELOVL2: ELOVL fatty acid elongase 2, ERG: ETS transcription factor ERG, FASN: fatty-acid synthase, FH: fumarate hydratase, G: genomics, GSTO2: glutathione S-transferase omega 2, GCAT: glycine C-acetyltransferase, GLUD1: glutamate dehydrogenase 1, GLUD2: glutamate dehydrogenase 2, G6P: glucose-6-phosphate, IDH1: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1, IDH3A: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) 3 catalytic subunit alpha, KD: knockdown, L: lipidomics, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, LNCaP: lymph node carcinoma of the prostate, M: metabolomics, OE: overexpressed, MDH2: malate dehydrogenase 2, OGDH: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation, P: proteomics, PCa: prostate cancer, PDK4: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, PHGDH: d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, PNP: purine nucleoside phosphorylase, PSAT1: phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase, PSPH: phosphoserine phosphatase, SAT1: spermidine N(1)-acetyltransferase, SCNC: small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, SDHA: succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A, SHMT2: serine hydroxymethyltransferase, SMS: spermine synthase, SPOP: Speckle-type POZ protein, SRR: serine racemase, STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, SUCLG1: succinate-CoA ligase alpha subunit, T: transcriptomics, TCA: tricarboxylic acid, TDH: threonine dehydrogenase, TNC: tenascin C.