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. 2022 Jan 29;11(3):479. doi: 10.3390/cells11030479

Table 4.

Characteristics of included clinical studies related to GBE.

Study
Author, Date		 Country Inclusion Criteria Setting Duration Treatment Groups Age Baseline Scale Withdrawal Rate
Cognition Age Female
(%)
Effective
Schaffler and Reeh, 1985 [30] United Kingdom / Normal healthy volunteers 2 weeks EGB (Tebonin) 80 mg/day EGB: n = 4
Placebo: n = 4		 27 / / 27.3 ± 2.6 0 /
Wesnes et al., 1987 [31] United Kingdom Crichton geriatric behavioral scale > 14 Outpatient 12 weeks EGB (Tanakan) 120 mg/day EGB: n = 27
Placebo: n = 27		 62~85 / / 70.7 ± 7.1
71.3 ± 6.6		 30%
44%		 7%
Rai et al., 1991 [32] United Kingdom NINCDS-ADRDA diagnostic criteria Outpatient 6 months EGB (Tanakan) 120 mg/day EGB: n = 12
Placebo: n = 15		 >50 MMSE 26.8
24.3		 73.4 ± 7.3
78.3 ± 5.9		 67%
80%		 13%
Kendrick digit copying task 106.6
94.53
Kendrick object learning task 93.17
87.27
Kanowski, Nerrmann et al., 1996 [33] Germany SKT: 6~18;
MMSE: 13~25		 Outpatient 24 weeks EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 79
Placebo: n = 77		 >55 SKT 10.2 ± 3.0
11.2 ± 3.4		 70 ± 10
68 ± 10		 66%
69%		 30%
Maurer, Dierks et al., 1997 [34] Germany DSM-III-R and ICD-10 criteria; Hachinski ischemic score < 4 mean; BCRS score 3–5 Outpatient 12 weeks EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 10
Placebo: n = 10		 50~80 SKT 19.7 ± 6.4
18.1 ± 9.4		 68.5 ± 6
60.6 ± 8.2		 56%
45%		 10%
ADAS-Cog 31.2 ± 12.6
36.1 ± 15.2
Barsa, Kieserc et al., 2000 [35] United States DSM-III-R and ICD-10 criteria; MMSE: 9~26;
global deterioration scale: 3~6		 Outpatient 26 weeks EGb761 120 mg/day EGb761: n = 166
Placebo: n = 161		 >45 MMSE 21.1 ± 5.8
21.2 ± 5.5		 69 ± 10
69 ± 10		 51%
56%		 21%
ADAS-Cog 20.0 ± 16.0
20.5 ± 14.7
Kanowski and Hoerr, 2003 [36] Germany DSM-III-R and ICD-10 criteria; SKT: 6~18;
MMSE: 13~25		 Outpatient 24 weeks EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 106
Placebo: n = 99		 >55 MMSE 21.6 ± 2.6
21.5 ± 2.4		 72 ± 10
72 ± 10		 68%
71%		 7.65%
SKT 10.5 ± 3.2
11.2 ± 3.3
ADAS-Cog 19.0 ± 4.1
19.9 ± 4.3
Mazza, Capuano et al., 2006 [37] Italy Brief cognitive
rating scale: 3~5; Hachinski ischemic score < 4; SKT: 8~23; MMSE: 13~25		 Outpatient 24 weeks EGb761 160 mg/day EGb761: n = 25
donepezil: n = 25
Placebo: n = 16 		50~80 MMSE 18.8 ± 3.6
18.8 ± 3.6		 66.2 ± 6
64.5 ± 6
69.8 ± 3		 52%
48%
61%		 19.70%
SKT 16.5 ± 3.1
15.9 ± 3.9
Napryeyenko and Borzenko, 2007 [38] Ukraine NINCDS/ADRDA
diagnostic criteria:
SKT: 9~23; MMSE: 14~25; ADAS-Cog: 17~35		 Outpatient 22 weeks EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 198
Placebo: n = 197		 >50 SKT 15.6 ± 3.9
15.4 ± 3.7		 65 ± 8
63 ± 8		 72%
72%		 1.25%
Ihl, Bachinskaya et al., 2011 [39] Ukraine NINCDS-ADRDA
criteria; SKT: 9~23; MMSE: 14~25; ADAS-Cog: 17~35		 Outpatient 24 weeks EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 206
Placebo: n = 204		 >50 SKT 16.7 ± 3.9
17.2 ± 3.7		 65 ± 10
65 ± 9		 69%
66%		 6.82%
Herrschaft, Nacu et al., 2012 [8] Republic of
Belarus, Republic of Moldova, and Russian Federation		 NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; NINDSAIREN criteria; NINDS-AIREN crtteria Outpatients 24 weeks EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 206
Placebo: n = 204		 >50 SKT 15.1 ± 4.1
15.3 ± 4.2		 65.1 ± 8.8
64.9 ± 9.4		 69.5%
69.3%		 2.00%
NPI 16.8 ± 6.9
16.7 ± 6.4
Amieva, Meillon et al., 2013 [40] France / Outpatient 20 years EGb761 dosage unclear EGb761: n = 589
Piracetam: n = 149
Placebo: n = 2874		 >65 MMSE 26.3 ± 2.9
25.7 ± 3.9
25.7 ± 3.5		 74.8 ± 6.6
75.7 ± 6.6
75 ± 6.9		 73.9%
61.1%
54.1%		 0
Canevelli, Adali et al., 2014 [41] Europe NINCDS-ADRDA
criteria, MMSE: 10~26 		Outpatients 1 year EGb761 120 mg/day EGb761 + ChEIs: n = 29
ChEIs: n = 799		 68~84 MMSE 21.2 ± 3.5
20.5 ± 3.9		 76.2 ± 6.87
5.8 ± 7.8		 62.1%
64.8%		 0
ADAS-Cog 15.8 ± 7.9
20.6 ± 8.9
Hoerr and Nacu, 2016 [42] Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Moldova SKT: 9~23, mild to moderate dementia; test for the early detection of dementia with differentiation from depression ≤ 35 Outpatient 24 weeks EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 200
Placebo: n = 202		 >65 SKT 15.1 ± 4.1
15.3 ± 4.2		 65.1 ± 8.8
64.9 ± 9.4		 69.5%
69.3%		 2%
Ineffective
Subhan and Hindmarch, 1984 [43] United Kingdom / Normal healthy volunteers 1 h EGb 761 120 mg/240 mg/600 mg EGb761(120): n = 2
EGb761(240): n = 2
EGb761(600): n = 2
Placebo: n = 2		 32 / / 32 ± 0 100% /
Schneider, DeKosky et al., 2005 [44] United States NINCDS/
ADRDA criteria; modified Hachinski ischemic score < 4; MMSE: 10~24		 Outpatients 26 weeks EGb761 120/240 mg/day EGb761(120): n = 169
EGb761(240): n = 170
Placebo: n = 174		 >60 MMSE 17.4 ± 3.8 (240)
17.9 ± 4.5 (120)
17.6 ± 3.9		 78.6 ± 7.0
78.1 ± 7.0
77.5 ± 7.4		 50%
56%
52%		 20.00%
ADAS-Cog 24.8 ± 11.3 (240)
26.8 ± 13.7 (120)
26.2 ± 11.8
McCarney, Fisher et al., 2008 [45] United Kingdom DSM-IV criteria; MMSE: 12~26 Outpatient 24 weeks EGb761 120 mg/day EGb761: n = 88
Placebo: n = 88		 >55 MMSE 23
22		 79.3 ± 7.7
79.7 ± 7.5		 58.0%
63.6%		 25.60%
ADAS-Cog 20.4 ± 8.2
25 ± 10.3
Snitz, O’Meara et al., 2009 [46] United States MMSE;
ADAS-Cog;
neuropsychological test		 community-dwelling participants 6.1 years EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 1545
Placebo: n = 1524 		72~96 MMSE 93.4 ± 4.7
93.3 ± 4.7		 79.1 ± 3.3
79.1 ± 3.3		 45%
47%		 37.80%
ADAS-Cog 6.5 ± 2.86.4 ± 2.7
Vellas, Coley et al., 2012 [47] France MMSE: >25;
covianxiety scale <6;
geriatric depression scale <15 		Outpatient 5 years EGb761 240 mg/day EGb761: n = 1419
Placebo: n = 1435		 >70 MMSE 27.6 ± 1.9
27.6 ± 1.9		 76.3 ± 4.4
76.3 ± 4.4		 67%
66%		 31%
Nasab, Bahrammi et al., 2012 [48] Iran DSM IV criteria; NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; MMSE: 10~24 Outpatients 24 weeks EGb761 120 mg/day EGb761: n = 25
Rivastigmine: n = 25		 50–75 MMSE 15.6 ± 4.1
16.6 ± 4.0		 65.7 ± 4.7
66.0 ± 4.6		 52%
57.7%		 9.00%