Table 1.
Occurrence of TAs in cereals, pseudo-cereals, legumes and grains.
| Foods (Nº of Samples Analyzed) |
Nº of Samples with At (Range) |
Nº of Samples with Sc (Range) |
Other TAs | [Ref.] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast cereals, breakfast cereals with milk, biscuits, cookies (113 samples) |
21 of breakfast cereals (0.09–65.6 µg/kg) |
18 of breakfast cereals (0.28–15.2 µg/kg) |
Anisodamine, aposcopolamine, homatropine, anidosine |
[17] |
| Flours (buckwheat, millet and corn), cereal-based foods for children, breakfast cereals, biscuits and pastry, pasta and bread, legumes, stir-fry mixes and oilseeds (1305 samples) |
46 of flours (0.5–149 µg/kg), 42 of cereal-based foods for children (0.5–3.73 µg/kg), 15 of breakfast cereals (0.5–90.83 µg/kg), 24 of biscuits and pastry (0.5–1.85 µg/kg), 18 of bread (0.5–3.80 µg/kg), 20 of legumes, stir-fry mixes and oilseeds (0.5–0.11 µg/kg) |
46 of flours (0.5–198.5 µg/kg), 42 of cereal-based foods for children (0.5–1.86 µg/kg), 15 of breakfast cereals (0.5–17.64 µg/kg), 24 of biscuits and pastry (0.5–0.65 µg/kg), 18 of bread (0.5–0.36 µg/kg), 20 of legumes, stir-fry mixes and oilseeds (0.5–0.09 µg/kg) |
6-HO-tropinone, nortropinone, pseudotropine, scopine, scopoline, tropine, tropinone, convolamine, convolidine, convolvine, fillalbine, anisodamine, apoatropine, aposcopolamine, homatropine, littorine, noratropine, norscopolamine |
[21] |
| Buckwheat, buckwheat flour and pasta; soy and soy flour; peeled millet and millet flour; linseed and linseed flour (15 samples) |
1 of buckwheat (<1 µg/kg) 1 of millet flour (13 µg/kg) |
1 of buckwheat (<2 µg/kg) 1 of millet flour (23 µg/kg) |
Anidosamine, littorine, tropinone | [16] |
| Buckwheat, buckwheat flour and pasta, soy, wheat, amaranthus grain, chia seeds, peeled millet (8 samples) |
N.D | N.D | Three scopolamine transformation products | [22] |
| Buckwheat flour, pasta and bakery (26 samples) |
1 of flour (83.9 µg/kg) 1 of pasta (21.3 µg/kg) 1 of bakery (13.9 µg/kg) |
1 of flour (10.4 µg/kg) 1 of pasta (5.7 µg/kg) |
N.St | [13] |
| Cereal based baby foods (pap, biscuits, snacks and grissines) (18 samples) |
1 of biscuits (11.5 µg/kg) | 1 of biscuits (2.8 µg/kg) |
Anidosamine, homatropine, apoatropina |
[18] |
| Bread (wheat, multi-grain, rye, wheat-rye) (40 samples) |
N.D | 1 of wheat-rye bread (0.22 µg/kg) |
N.D | [23] |
| Wheat, corn, rice, oat and millet flours, mixed cereals flours, infant cereals, cereal-based products (95 samples) |
1 of tomato rice flakes product (9.6 µg/kg) |
1 of tomato rice flakes product (2.6 µg/kg) |
N.St | [19] |
| Buckwheat and buckwheat flour, quinoa, amaranth, teff flour, refined corn flour, corn flour, blue corn flour, sorghum flour, peeled millet, green and red lentil flours, chickpea flour, pea flour (15 samples) |
3 of buckwheat grain and flour (6.7–21 µg/kg), 1 of quinoa (7.1 µg/kg), 1 of teff flour (78 µg/kg), 1 of refined corn flour (7 µg/kg), 1 of sorghum flour (15 µg/kg), 1 of peeled millet (6.9 µg/kg) |
1 of teff flour (28 µg/kg) |
N.St | [14] |
Abbreviations: At: atropine. N.D: not detected or below the limit of detection. N. St: not studied. Sc: scopolamine. TAs: tropane alkaloids.