Table 4.
Summary of methodologies that applied solid–liquid and liquid–liquid extraction protocols for the analysis of TAs in foods.
| Analyte | Sample (Amount) | Extraction Conditions | Other Treatments | Recovery (%) | [Ref.] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At, Sc + 4 TAs + others (ergot alkaloids) |
Breakfast cereals, breakfast cereals with milk, biscuits, cookies (4 g) |
40 mL MeOH/ H2O /FA (60:40:0.4, v/v/v) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (15 min, 3500 g) | Ultrafiltrated | 86–91 TAs 88 At 88 Sc |
[17] |
| At, Sc + 4 TAs + others (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) |
Green tea, black tea, chamomile, fennel, melissa, peppermint and rooibos (1 g) |
10 mL of aqueous HAC/MeOH solution (1:2, v/v) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (10 min, 4000 g) |
Diluted with NH4OH + evaporated with N2 at 40 °C + reconstituted in H2O + filtered |
80–95 TAs | [27] |
| At, Sc | Buckwheat flour, pasta and bakery (5 g) | 25 mL MeOH/H2O (3:2, v/v) with 0.2% FA + 0.2% ACN + agitation (90 min) + centrifuged (15 min, 4000 rpm) |
Diluted with the extraction solvent |
88–103 At 83–103 Sc |
[13] |
| At, Sc + 12 TAs + others (calystegines) |
Bread (3 g) | 30 mL H2O (HAC 0.5%)/MeOH (1:2, v/v) + vortex (1 min) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (10 min, 5000 rpm) |
- | 75–101 TAs 93 At 88 Sc |
[39] |
| At, Sc + 11 TAs + others (cocaine, calystegines) |
Pasta (3 g) | 30 mL MeOH/H2O (2:1, v/v) with 0.5% HAC + Polytron (30 s) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (10 min, 4480 rcf) |
Filtered | 74–98 TAs 93 At 93 Sc |
[40] |
| At, Sc + 2 TAs | Herbal teas, herbal supplements (1 g) |
25 mL ACN/H2O (3:2, v/v) with 0.2% FA + agitation (90 min) + centrifuged (15 min, 2150 g × 2) | Diluted with the extraction solvent | 83–107 TAs 105–107 At 83–103 Sc |
[25] |
| At, Sc + others (pesticides, mycotoxins, growth regulators, pyrrolizidine alkaloids) |
Oats and wheat (5 g) | 10 mL ACN/ H2O (80:20, v/v) + shaking (2 min) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (5 min, 3000 rpm) |
Filtered | 75–119 At 72–116 Sc |
[41] |
| At, Sc + 4 TAs + others (ergot alkaloids) |
Bread (wheat, multi-grain, rye, wheat-rye) (4 g) | 40 mL MeOH/H2O/FA (60:40:0.4, v/v/v) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (15 min, 3500 g) | Ultrafiltrated | 73–94 TAs 83 At 73 Sc |
[23] |
| At, Sc | Honey (5 g) | 10 mL sodium acetate solution + vortex (2500 rpm, 15 min) + 10 mL ACN + centrifugation (10 min, 3000 rpm) |
- | 87–103 At 87–106 Sc |
[33] |
| At, Sc + 19 TAs + others (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) |
Sorghum, oregano, herbal tea (1 g) |
10 mL MeOH/H2O/FA (60:39.6:0.4, v/v/v) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (5 min, g) | Filtered | 78–115 TAs 95–111 At 84–110 Sc |
[38] |
| At, Sc + others (mycotoxins, plant growth regulators, pesticides) |
Wheat, barley, rice, oats, spelt, rye (2.5 g) | 10 mL ACN/H2O/FA (79:20:1, v/v/v) + agitation (30 min) + centrifuged (3 min, 1902 g) |
Filtered and diluted with ACN | 103 At 105 Sc |
[42] |
Abbreviations: ACN: acetonitrile. At: atropine. FA: formic acid. HAC: acetic acid. MeOH: methanol. Sc: scopolamine. TAs: tropane alkaloids. -: Other treatmeants have not been applied.