Figure 1.

ER stress-induced UPR upon SERCA inhibition in TG-treated human THP-1 monocytes. Protein levels of ER stress markers, namely ATF4 (A), XBP1s (B), GRP78 (C), and CHOP (D), were quantified by WB in total cellular extracts obtained from human THP-1 monocytes treated with 5 or 10 μM thapsigargin (TG) during the indicated time periods (1–24 h). β-Tubulin I was used to control protein loading and to normalize the levels of the protein of interest. Results were calculated relatively to control values and represent the means ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance between control (untreated cells) and TG-treated cells was determined using the one-way ANOVA test, followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.