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. 2022 Jan 24;11(3):317. doi: 10.3390/foods11030317

Table 3.

Activation energy (Ea, kJ/mol) in a given temperature range (T range, °C) for the degradation of β-carotene encapsulated in nano-and micro-structures in aqueous environments.

Matrix Ingredients Matrix Structure T Range Ea Ref.
β-carotene, zein molecular complexes 4–60 13
(calculated)
[40]
β-carotene, zein, carboxymethyl chitosan molecular complexes 4–60 7
(calculated)
β-carotene, zein, carboxymethyl chitosan, tea polyphenols molecular complexes 4–60 17
(calculated)
β-carotene, medium-chain triglyceride oil, gum arabic, α-tocopherol O/W emulsion 4–65 49.8 [49]
β-carotene, medium-chain triglyceride oil, gum arabic, ascorbyl palmitate O/W emulsion 4–65 45.7
β-carotene, canola oil, Tween 80, alginate O/W emulsion 4–37 51.1 [61]
β-carotene, canola oil, Tween 80, alginate, calcium O/gel emulsion 4–37 47.6
β-carotene, medium-chain tryglicerides, Tween 80 O/W emulsion 4–35 58
(calculated)
[75]
β-carotene, medium chain tryglicerides, glyceryl stearate, Tween 80 SL nanoparticles 4–35 20
(calculated)

Activation energy refers to all-trans-β-carotene degradation. O, oil; W, water; SL, solid lipid.