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. 2022 Jan 24;11(3):395. doi: 10.3390/cells11030395

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Map of metabolic changes in PD compared to the controls. (a) Sphingolipid and related glycerophospholipid biosynthetic pathways; (b) methionine cycle; (c) transsulfuration pathway; (d) folate cycle; (e) glycine, serine, and threonine pathway; (f) creatine synthesis pathway; (g) urea cycle; (h) ornithine–proline–glutamate pathway; (i) nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway; (j) biopterin cycle. AAG: alkyl acylglycerol; BH₄: tetrahydrobiopterin; BH₂: dihydrobiopterin; DAG: diacylglycerol; dihydroSM: dihydrosphingomyelin; DOPA: dopamine; FAA: free fatty acid; LysoPC: lysophosphatidylcholine; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PCp: phosphatidylcholine-plasmalogen; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PEp: phosphatidylethanolamine-plasmalogen; SM: sphingomyelin; SAM: S-S-adenosyl methionine; SAH: S-adenosyl homocysteine; TCA: tricarboxylic acid.