Table 3.
Potential metabolite biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease in previous literature.
| Candidate Marker | Origin | Change | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethymalonate, myoinositol, propylene glycol, pyruvate, sorbitol | Plasma | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [3] |
| Homovanillate, 3-methoxytyrosine, 3-methytyramine sulfate, | Serum | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [4] |
| N1,N8-diacetylspermidine, N1,N12-diacetylspermine, N1-acetylspermidine, N1-acetylspermine, N8-acetylspermidine | Serum | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [6] |
| Quinolinic acid | Plasma | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [8] |
| Alanine, methionine, 2-oxoisocaproic acid, pyroglutamate, malate, serine | Plasma | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [9] |
| 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosin, glutathione | Plasma | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [10] |
| L-arginyl-L-alanine, 1,3-dimethyluracil, Lyso-platelet activating factor C16, α-N-phenylacetyl-L-glutamine, PC 44:5, PC 44:6, sarcosine, | Plasma | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [26] |
| Aspartate, glutamate and glycine | Plasma | ↑ (PD versus HC) | [27] |
| Acetate, ascorbate, citrate, ethanolamine, galactitol, glucolate, gluconate, glutarate, glycerol, isocitrate, malate, methylamine, methylmalonate, suberate, succinate, threonate, trimethylamine | Plasma | ↓ (PD versus HC) | [3] |
| Spermine | Serum | ↓ (PD versus HC) | [6] |
| Hypoxanthine | Plasma | ↓ (PD versus HC) | [7] |
| Kynurenic acid, | Plasma | ↓ (PD versus HC) | [8] |
| Hexadecenoic acid, linoleic acid | Plasma | ↓ (PD versus HC) | [9] |
| Uric acid | Plasma | ↓ (PD versus HC) | [10] |
| Ethanolamine, L-glutamyl-L-isoleucine, N-lauroylglycine, PE 34:1, PC 35:6, SM d30:1, SM d32:1, SM d39:1 | Plasma | ↓ (PD versus HC) | [26] |
↑: up-regulation; ↓: down-regulation; HC: healthy control; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PD: Parkinson’s disease. PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; SM: sphingomyelin. Bold indicates the metabolite consistently found in our study.