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Effect of Le. mesenteroides, Ll. curvatus or Lp. plantarum-derived ECVs (LmV, LcV, or LpV) on (A) cell viability and (B) NO production of RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The cells were treated with concentrations (0.1, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 μg/mL) of LmV, LcV, and LpV, respectively, for 24 h. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 4) and those followed by different letters (a–j) within a property are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
