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. 2022 Jan 19;19(3):1081. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031081

Table 4.

Fully adjusted linear regression models of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and mental wellbeing (n = 467).

Perceived Stress Model Depressive Symptom Model Mental Wellbeing Model
B SE β ∆Rj2 B SE β ∆Rj2 B SE β ∆Rj2
Leisure engagement 0.04 0.04 0.08
  Frequency 0.17 0.19 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.20 0.02
  Digital/online (Home-based non-digital = ref.) −0.34 0.46 −0.03 −0.09 0.16 −0.02 −0.18 0.48 −0.01
  PA/outdoor (Home-based non-digital = ref.) −0.35 0.51 −0.03 −0.06 0.17 −0.01 0.47 0.53 0.03
  Much less than pre-COVID (About same = ref.) 0.96 0.73 0.07 0.61* 0.25 0.12* −0.89 0.77 −0.05
  Much more than pre-COVID (About same = ref.) 0.21 * 0.1 0.09 * 0.05 0.03 0.07 −0.06 0.10 −0.02
  Much less than ideal (About ideal = ref.) 1.19 0.68 0.10 0.19 0.23 0.05 −2.32 ** 0.71 −0.16 **
  A little less than ideal (About ideal = ref.) 0.56 0.51 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.03 −1.03 0.54 −0.07
COVID risk & protective factors 0.11 0.07 0.08
  General risk of infection 0.39 * 0.16 0.10 * 0.01 0.05 0.01 −0.40 * 0.17 −0.09 *
  Safe health behavior −0.29 0.25 −0.05 −0.06 0.09 −0.03 0.04 0.26 0.01
  Future outlook 0.31 0.19 0.07 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.19 0.01
  Positive beliefs about preventative measures 0.15 0.22 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.04 −0.05 0.23 −0.01
  Negative beliefs about preventative measures 1.00 *** 0.16 0.25 *** 0.28 *** 0.06 0.21 *** −0.65 *** 0.17 −0.13 ***
Socio-demographics & COVID background 0.18 0.13 0.08
  Age −0.13 *** 0.02 −0.44 *** −0.03 *** 0.01 −0.33 *** 0.08 *** 0.02 0.21 ***
  Female (male = ref.) 0.46 0.4 0.05 0.16 0.14 0.05 −1.42 ** 0.42 −0.12 **
  Subjective financial condition −0.45 * 0.19 −0.10* −0.12 0.06 −0.08 0.02 0.20 0.00
  Parenting (not parenting = ref.) 0.70 0.44 0.07 −0.15 0.15 −0.04 0.21 0.46 0.02
  Never married (married = ref.) −0.67 0.56 −0.07 −0.44 * 0.19 −0.13 * 1.61 ** 0.59 0.13 **
  Divorced/Separated/widowed (married = ref.) −0.63 0.57 −0.05 −0.11 0.19 −0.02 0.70 0.60 0.04
  Infected (not infected = ref.) 1.09 0.59 0.07 0.30 0.20 0.06 −0.66 0.62 −0.04
  Pre-existing condition (no = ref.) 0.56 0.47 0.06 0.13 0.16 0.04 0.08 0.49 0.01
General physical health and SWB 0.03 0.11 0.27
  Physical health −0.03 ** 0.01 −0.15 ** −0.02 *** 0.00 −0.24 *** 0.06 *** 0.01 0.23 ***
  Life satisfaction −0.06 * 0.03 −0.10 * −0.05 *** 0.01 −0.23 *** 0.35 *** 0.03 0.50 ***
Cumulative adjusted R2 0.36 0.35 0.51
F-value 12.76 12.25 23.29
F-test p-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Notes: B: unstandardized coefficient; SE: standard error, β: standardized coefficient; ∆Rj2: adjusted R-Square change; * p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.01; *** p-value < 0.001.